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官方真題Official 35-L1

Narrator:

Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.

Professor:

Before we leave the topic of animal navigation, let's look at one more species and how it finds its way through its environment.

The species we'll look at is the blind mole rat.

Blind mole rats are interesting in terms of navigation because they live entirely in the dark-In elaborate underground tunnel systems. So how do blind mole rats find their way around in these complicated tunnels?

Well, for some time we've known that blind mole rats use some combination of two different navigation systems.

Um, one system relies on their sense of time and their ability to remember underground landmarks. For example, let's say a mole rat wants to find its way through its tunnel system back to its nest where it sleeps. Well, it goes along. Then it feels some hard stones or a tree root under its feet and it basically says to itself. "Ok, here is where I took a left." And then it might remember how long it took to get to the next turn and so forth. The mole rat goes straight or turns based on what it remembers having sensed along the way on previous trips and the time it took between turns.

Now, the other navigation system for the mole rat relies on Earth's magnetic field. Mole rats have the ability to sense the magnetic field and use it to orient themselves directionally. But until recently scientists weren't sure about the role of these two different systems.

Recently a team of researchers conducted an experiment to answer that question. Do these two navigation systems play different roles? What they did was they designed a special structure that very closely resembles a blind mole rat's tunnel system, which looks like a bicycle wheel, a central hub with multiple spokes radiating outward.

Now this turned out to be quite important. Earlier experiments have used a more generic habitat, basically a wide open circle, which was originally designed to test magnetic navigation in other animals. That design led to inconclusive results with mole rats.

Now, with their bicycle wheel tunnel system the researchers were able to vary the distance that the mole rats travel between their nest and their food source by creating long routes and short routes. In each trial, the mole rats started out in their nest, went to the food source and then had to find their way back home, back to the nest.

To determine which navigation system they were using, the researchers tested the animals under two different conditions.

First, the mole rats were tested under conditions of normal magnetism for both the trip to the food and the trip home. And under these normal conditions, they all followed their original route back home, regardless of the length of the trip to the food source.

Then in the second part of the experiment, the magnetic field was altered but only for the trip home, a specially constructed set of magnets was used to shift the magnetic field around the habitat 19 degrees eastward. The researchers wanted to see how the mole rats responded to this shift. Well, it turns out that the magnetic shift had no impact on the return route of the blind mole rats after a short trip. They returned to the point where they had started from.

But after a longer trip, they took a totally different route: one that led them nine degrees east of the nest. Essentially they got lost. This was strong evidence that blind mole rats use magnetic navigation only for longer trips.

So why two navigation systems: one for long trips and one for short trips?

Well, for now we can only speculate, but we think that when mole rats rely on the first system, using underground landmarks or their sense of time, well, they make small mistakes here and there. On a short trip, this doesn't matter much. The trip is short, so they can't make many mistakes.

But on a long trip, well, there are lots of opportunities to make small mistakes, and small mistakes can add up, leading the mole rat far from where it wants to be. So on a long trip, a magnetic navigation system is better, more useful, since earth's magnetic field is stable, a constant, a more reliable indicator of direction!

希望這些官方真題Official真題音頻文本對大家備考托福有幫助。最后，編輯預(yù)祝大家托?？荚嚹苋〉美硐氲耐懈３煽儭?/p>

如果和你說這是我第四次考托福，也許會讓很多人吃驚。其實(shí)，現(xiàn)在回頭看看，也覺得考試中只有攻克了自己的頑疾，才能順利的戰(zhàn)勝托?？荚嚒Ｏ旅婢秃痛蠹曳窒硪幌?，我是如何備考托福的吧。

說到自己托福頑疾的最大一點(diǎn)，就是閱讀了。前三戰(zhàn)閱讀分別是17，21，22，很讓人沮喪。反思了一下，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我做題的時候一直都忽略了細(xì)節(jié)，而一味的抓主干，找文章中心與大意。其實(shí)大家把官方真題Official 1-24都做一遍就會有一種強(qiáng)烈的感受：很多題目的答案都出自微小的細(xì)節(jié)。

另外一個難點(diǎn)問題，就是我的托福聽力。雖然，很多備考的托友都會知道，聽力的備考技巧性并不是那么強(qiáng)，就是平時不斷的磨耳朵。但是，想要有提高，需要自己的耐力和正確的方向。同樣，我覺得一個重要的問題還是要擴(kuò)大專業(yè)詞匯量。

口語方面我不是特別厲害，最好一次也僅僅24。我能提出的建議便是口語要勤練。口語的前兩個task準(zhǔn)備的時間是15秒，在短短的15秒我們通常不能非常好的想到3個有說服力的觀點(diǎn)，后4個task主要考了考生總結(jié)概述的能力。

微微可以讓我可以有所安慰的就是托福寫作部分了。在*寫作中質(zhì)量比數(shù)量重要，能把自己的觀點(diǎn)擺明，再用例子和argument證明好，就是一篇好作文。而綜合寫作中，閱讀和聽力中的重要信息一定要好好把握。