NUS:normally an NUS Honours degree (Second Class and above) or equivalent (e.g., a four-year Bachelors degree with at least an average grade of B) in a relevant discipline; or in exceptional cases, a Bachelors degree in a relevant discipline with at least two years of relevant work experience, subject to approval by the Faculty and Board of Graduate Studies, on a case-by-case basis.Applicants whose native tongue and medium of university instruction is not in English should submit the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or IELTS (International English Language Testing System) score as evidence of their proficiency in the English language.The following minimum TOEFL score is required:- 85 for the internet-based test (with a minimum score of 22 for the writing section); or- 580 for the paper-based test; or- 237 for the computer-based test.Alternatively, an IELTS result of 6.0 is required.Note that some Departments/Programmes may set higher requirements than those stated above.TOEFL and IELTS are only valid for two years after the test and the validity should not expire before the beginning of the application period for the research programme.