如果你想學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，那么這兩個(gè)概念可能是你必須要了解的，宏觀和微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)。如果同學(xué)們出國(guó)留學(xué)即將選擇這個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)方向，可以看下這篇文章哦~需要出國(guó)前課程預(yù)習(xí)、海外體驗(yàn)課的同學(xué)可以添加小藝。

Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two of the largest subdivisions of the study of economics wherein micro- refers to the observation of small economic units like the effects of government regulations on individual markets and consumer decision making and macro- refers to the "big picture" version of economics like how interest rates are determines and why some countries' economies grow faster than others'.

微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究中最大的兩個(gè)分支，其中微觀指的是對(duì)小經(jīng)濟(jì)單位的研究，比如政府調(diào)控對(duì)個(gè)人市場(chǎng)和消費(fèi)者決策的影響，宏觀則指的是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的“大局”版本，比如利率是如何決定的，以及為什么一些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度比其他國(guó)家快。

According to comedian p.J. O’Rourke,“microeconomics concerns things that e conomists are specifically wrong about,while macroeconomics concerns things e conomists are wrong about generally. Or to be more technical,microeconomics is about money you don’t have,and macroeconomics is about money the government is out of.”

喜劇演員歐魯克說(shuō)，“微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)注的是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的特殊錯(cuò)誤，而宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)則是關(guān)注經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的普遍錯(cuò)誤?；蛘吒唧w地說(shuō)，微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是關(guān)于你沒(méi)有的錢(qián)，宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是關(guān)于政府沒(méi)有的錢(qián)。"

Although this humorous observation pokes fun at e conomists,the description is accurate. However,a closer observation of both fields of economic discourse will provide a better understanding of the basics of economic theory and study.

雖然這個(gè)幽默的評(píng)論嘲笑了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，但是這種描述是準(zhǔn)確的。不管怎么說(shuō)，更仔細(xì)地觀察這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇，將有助于更好地理解經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論和研究的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。

Microeconomics: Individual Markets

微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：個(gè)體市場(chǎng)

Those who have studied Latin know that the prefix “micro-” means “small,” so it shouldn’t be surprising that microeconomics is the study of small economic units. The field of microeconomics is concerned with things like:

學(xué)過(guò)拉丁語(yǔ)的人都知道前綴“micro -”意味著“small(小)”，所以微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是對(duì)小型經(jīng)濟(jì)單位的研究也就不足為奇了。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域關(guān)注的事情包括：

consumer decision making and utility maximization

消費(fèi)者決策與效用最大化

firm production and profit maximization

企業(yè)生產(chǎn)與利潤(rùn)最大化

individual market equilibrium

個(gè)體市場(chǎng)均衡

effects of government regulation on individual markets

政府調(diào)控對(duì)個(gè)體市場(chǎng)的影響

externalities and other market side effects

外部性與其他市場(chǎng)副作用

put another way,microeconomics concerns itself with the behavior of individual markets,such as the markets for oranges,the market for cable television,or the market for skilled workers as opposed to the overall markets for produce,electronics,or the entire workforce. Microeconomics is essential for local governance,business and personal financing,specific stock investment research,and individual market predictions for venture capitalistic endeavors.

換句話(huà)說(shuō)，微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)注的是個(gè)別市場(chǎng)的行為，例如橘子市場(chǎng)、有線(xiàn)電視市場(chǎng)或技術(shù)工人市場(chǎng)，而不是生產(chǎn)、電子產(chǎn)品或整個(gè)勞動(dòng)力的整體市場(chǎng)。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)于地方治理、商業(yè)和個(gè)人理財(cái)、特定股票投資研究以及個(gè)人市場(chǎng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本的預(yù)期都至關(guān)重要。

Macroeconomics: The Big picture

宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：大局

Macroeconomics,on the other hand,can be thought of as the “big picture” version of economics. Rather than analyzing individual markets,macroeconomics focuses on aggregate production and consumption in an economy. Some topics that macroe conomists study include:

另一方面，宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)可以被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的“大局”版本。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)不是分析單個(gè)市場(chǎng)，而是關(guān)注一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的總生產(chǎn)和總消費(fèi)。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究的一些內(nèi)容包括：

effects of general taxes such as income and sales taxes on output and prices

所得稅、營(yíng)業(yè)稅等一般稅對(duì)產(chǎn)量和價(jià)格的影響

causes of economic upswings and downturns

經(jīng)濟(jì)上升和衰退的原因

effects of monetary and fiscal policy on economic health

貨幣和財(cái)政政策對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)健康的影響

effects of and process for determining interest rates

決定利率的影響和過(guò)程

causes for some economies growing faster than other economies

一些經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體的原因

To study economics at this level,researchers must be able to combine different goods and services produced in a way that reflects their relative contributions to aggregate output. This is generally done using the concept of the gross domestic product (GDp),and goods and services get weighted by their market prices.

要在這個(gè)層面上研究經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，研究人員必須能夠?qū)⒉煌纳唐泛头?wù)結(jié)合起來(lái)，以反映它們對(duì)總產(chǎn)出的相對(duì)貢獻(xiàn)。這通常是利用國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDp)的概念來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，商品和服務(wù)由其市場(chǎng)價(jià)格加權(quán)。

The Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的關(guān)系

There is an obvious relationship between microeconomics and macroeconomics in that aggregate production and consumption levels are the result of choices made by individual households and firms,and some macroeconomic models explicitly make this connection by incorporating what are known as "microfoundations."

微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之間存在明顯的聯(lián)系，因?yàn)榭傮w生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)水平是個(gè)體家庭和企業(yè)做出選擇的結(jié)果，而一些宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)模型通過(guò)納入所謂的“微觀基礎(chǔ)”明確地建立了這種聯(lián)系。

Most of the economic topics covered on television and in newspapers are of the macroeconomic variety,but it’s important to remember that economics is about more than just trying to figure out when the economy is going to improve and what the Fed is doing with interest rates,it's also about observing local economies and specific markets for goods and services.

電視和報(bào)紙上涵蓋的大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)主題都是關(guān)于宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的多樣性，但重要的是要記住經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)不僅僅是試著弄清楚經(jīng)濟(jì)何時(shí)會(huì)改善以及美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)在利率方面做了什么，它還涉及觀察當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)和特定市場(chǎng)的商品和服務(wù)。

Although many e conomists specialize in one field or the other,no matter which study one pursues,the other will have to be utilized in order to understand the implications of certain trends and conditions on both the micro and macro economic levels.

盡管許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家專(zhuān)注于研究其中一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，但不論從事哪個(gè)研究，都必須利用另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，以便理解某些趨勢(shì)和條件對(duì)微觀和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的影響。