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passage59

Recent studies of ancient Maya water management have found that the urban architecture of some cities was used to divert rainfall runoff into gravity-fed systems of interconnected reservoirs. In the central and southern Maya Lowlands,this kind of water control was necessary to support large populations throughout the year due to the scarcity of perennial surface water and the seasonal availability of rainfall. Some scholars argue that the concentration of water within the urban core of these sites provided a centralized source of political authority for Maya elites based largely on controlled water access. Such an argument is plausible; however,it is less useful for understanding the sociopolitical implications of water use and control in other,water-rich parts of the Maya region.

文章講解

最近一些以古瑪雅文明對(duì)水資源的管理為研究對(duì)象的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，古瑪雅國(guó)有些城市城里的建筑被用來把降水引導(dǎo)進(jìn)入重力驅(qū)動(dòng)的排水儲(chǔ)水系統(tǒng)（包含互相連通的儲(chǔ)水庫）。在瑪雅國(guó)中部和南部的“瑪雅低地”地區(qū)，人口眾多，常年不干的地表水（perennial surface water）又很稀少，再加上雨不是四季都有，有的季節(jié)不下雨，所以這樣用建筑引水進(jìn)入儲(chǔ)水系統(tǒng)來控制水資源的做法在全年都是需要的，這樣才能給所有人供水。有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為，把水資源聚集中到城市中心，其作用是給古瑪雅國(guó)的（統(tǒng)治）精英的政治權(quán)威提供了一個(gè)集中的來源。這些精英的統(tǒng)治主要基于對(duì)水資源的控制能力。這個(gè)（解釋為什么瑪雅國(guó)的城市里會(huì)有用來排水的建筑的）觀點(diǎn)似乎是有道理的，但也有問題。瑪雅國(guó)除中南部的“瑪雅低地”以外的其他一些地區(qū)，水資源是很豐富的，但在這些地區(qū)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了城市里有用來排水的建筑，那種“之所以城市里會(huì)存在這種排水建筑，是因?yàn)榭刂扑Y源具有社會(huì)政治方面的后果”的解釋，就不那么有用了。

題目解析

1. The author of the passage implies which of the following about the political importance of the type of urban water management system described in the passage?

A. Because the system was centralized,it allowed political control over a widely scattered population.

B. The knowledge required to design and maintain the system became the pretext for Maya elites’ political authority.

C. By selectively limiting access to water,Maya elites used the system to curb challenges to their authority.

D. The system is not sufficient to explain the sources of centralized political power in all parts of the Maya region.

E. The system’s continued maintenance required political authorities to exert control over an increasing proportion of economic resources.

白話版講解：

問下列哪一個(gè)關(guān)于古瑪雅國(guó)城市中的水資源管理系統(tǒng)的政治重要性的說法，是文章作者暗示了的？

A“因?yàn)樗Y源管理系統(tǒng)是設(shè)在城市中心的，所以它使得瑪雅國(guó)的統(tǒng)治精英能夠?qū)λ纳⒎植嫉娜丝趯?shí)施政治管控”

B“瑪雅國(guó)的統(tǒng)治精英，以掌握了設(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù)該水資源管理系統(tǒng)的人才適合當(dāng)統(tǒng)治精英，來維護(hù)自己的政治權(quán)威”

C“瑪雅國(guó)的統(tǒng)治精英，利用該水資源管理系統(tǒng)，通過讓有些人能獲得水，讓有些人無法獲得水，來壓制對(duì)他們權(quán)威的挑戰(zhàn)”

D“在瑪雅國(guó)所有地區(qū)，政治權(quán)力都是集中的，可以說有些地區(qū)的政治權(quán)力的集中，是來自該水資源管理系統(tǒng)；但還有些地區(qū)的政治權(quán)力的集中，不能說是來自該水資源管理系統(tǒng)”

E“持續(xù)維護(hù)該水資源管理系統(tǒng)要求（統(tǒng)治者）具備控制越來越多份額經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的政治權(quán)威”

根據(jù)文章最后一句話，D選項(xiàng)正確。這道題有一個(gè)陷阱，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們一定要認(rèn)真讀題干。這道題問的是文章作者的觀點(diǎn)，而不是問文章提到的觀點(diǎn)。很多同學(xué)認(rèn)為C選項(xiàng)好像對(duì)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)文章倒數(shù)第二句話的“based largely on controlled water access.”。但是C選項(xiàng)說的是some scholars的觀點(diǎn)，不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。所以C選項(xiàng)就錯(cuò)了。最后一句話才是作者的觀點(diǎn)。

答案：D

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. According to the passage,which of the following is true of the water management systems in the central and southern Maya Lowlands?

A. They were implemented in part because of the prevailing pattern of rainfall.

B. They were an integral part of lowland cities’ architecture.

C. They were needed because of insufficient resources such as ponds,rivers and lakesin the lowlands.

白話版講解：

問下列關(guān)于瑪雅國(guó)中部和南部的“瑪雅低地”地區(qū)的水資源管理系統(tǒng)的說法，哪幾個(gè)是正確的？

A選項(xiàng)中的“the prevailing pattern of rainfall”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第二句話中的“the seasonal availability of rainfall”

B選項(xiàng)中的“an integral part”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第二句話中的“necessary”

integral的意思是“必須的；必要的；基本的”（necessary to make a whole complete; essential or fundamental）

C選項(xiàng)中的“insufficient resources such as ponds,rivers and lakes”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第二句話中的“the scarcity of perennial surface water”

答案：ABC

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