一、公共衛(wèi)生是什么？**** 1. 公共衛(wèi)生的定義
健康的認(rèn)識(shí)：世界衛(wèi)生組織在組織法里明確指出：“健康不僅是沒有疾病或不虛弱，而且是身體的、健康的健康和社會(huì)適應(yīng)的完美狀態(tài)?！惫残l(wèi)生是通過(guò)組織社區(qū)資源，為公眾提供疾病預(yù)防和促進(jìn)健康的一門管理學(xué)，它使用預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)、健康促進(jìn)、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)科學(xué)等技術(shù)和手段。公共衛(wèi)生體系由國(guó)際公共衛(wèi)生組織、國(guó)家公共衛(wèi)生組織、地方公共衛(wèi)生組織和社區(qū)公共衛(wèi)生組織組成。
HSPH的分類:
EnvironmentalHealth
? Biostatistics
? BehavioralScience/Health Eucation
? Epiemiology
? HealthServices Aministration/Management
? Maternal anChil Health
? Nutrition
? International/GlobalHealth
? PublicHealth Laboratory Practice
? Public HealthPolicy
? Public HealthPractice

Overall,public health is concerne with protecting the health of entire populations. These populations can be as small as a local neighborhoo,or as big as an entire country.公共衛(wèi)生涉及的學(xué)科知識(shí):
? 流行病學(xué) Epiemiology
? 預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué) Preventive Meicine
? 生物統(tǒng)計(jì) Biostatistics
? 環(huán)境衛(wèi)生 Environmental Health
? 職業(yè)衛(wèi)生 Occupational Health
? 衛(wèi)生政策 Health Policies
? 醫(yī)學(xué)管理 Meical Management
? 組織與機(jī)構(gòu)

1. 按組織劃分
國(guó)際公共衛(wèi)生組織。通過(guò)參加組織、加入?yún)f(xié)約與公約等形式，指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督、協(xié)調(diào)各個(gè)國(guó)家與地區(qū)的公共衛(wèi)生工作。如世界衛(wèi)生組織、綠色和平和世界自然基金會(huì)等等。
國(guó)家或地區(qū)（及地方）公共衛(wèi)生組織。作為政府行政管理機(jī)構(gòu)，代表政府提供公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，共同發(fā)揮支柱作用。如衛(wèi)生部門（U.S. Department of Health an Human Services，分支機(jī)構(gòu)如CDC-Center for Disease Control）、勞工與保障部門（U.S. Department of Labor）、國(guó)土與環(huán)境部門和規(guī)劃與發(fā)展部門等。

2. 按職能與職責(zé)劃分
   衛(wèi)生保健提供者。如醫(yī)院、社區(qū)健康服務(wù)中心、精神衛(wèi)生組織、實(shí)驗(yàn)（檢驗(yàn)）中心、護(hù)理院，主要提供預(yù)防、診斷、康復(fù)和護(hù)理服務(wù)。

公共安全組織。如警察局、消防隊(duì)、醫(yī)療急救中心，預(yù)防處理緊急傷害和公共衛(wèi)生事件。

環(huán)境保護(hù)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和食品安全機(jī)構(gòu)。作為執(zhí)法部門，監(jiān)督和保障安全的生存環(huán)境、保障人群健康。

文化、教育、體育機(jī)構(gòu)。為社區(qū)提供促進(jìn)健康的精神環(huán)境和物質(zhì)環(huán)境。
民政、慈善組織。為弱勢(shì)人群包括失能人士、低收入人士和獨(dú)居及高齡人士提供政策與物質(zhì)支持。

3. 按人群劃分兒童疾病與死亡
   孕產(chǎn)婦疾病與死亡
   老年人生活質(zhì)量
4. 按健康問(wèn)題劃分傳染?。篠ARS、禽流感、流感、瘋牛癥、艾滋病 登革熱
   慢性非傳染性疾?。耗[瘤、糖尿病、高血壓
   意外傷害：車禍
   不良健康行為：吸煙、飲酒 吸毒 不安全的性行為
   精神及心理衛(wèi)生:憂郁癥

一、公共衛(wèi)生院系設(shè)置介紹在美國(guó),并不是所有的大學(xué)都有公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院或者相關(guān)專業(yè)，特別是獨(dú)立的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院，往往在一個(gè)州中僅有1到2個(gè)大學(xué)具備較大的完整的院系設(shè)立。而正是這1到2個(gè)大學(xué)的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院承擔(dān)了與本州衛(wèi)生部門共同進(jìn)行的疾病預(yù)防﹑健康教育﹑環(huán)境衛(wèi)生等一系列重大事件的規(guī)劃與執(zhí)行。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，獨(dú)立的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院有以下分系：衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(Biostatistics)﹑流行病學(xué)(Epiemiology)社區(qū)與健康教育學(xué)(Community An Health Eucation)﹑衛(wèi)生政策與管理學(xué)(Health Policies An Aministrations)﹑環(huán)境與職業(yè)病衛(wèi)生學(xué)(Environmental An Occupational Health)。以Harvar School of Public Health為例，其下設(shè)的方向和學(xué)位包括有：Department of Biostatistics
SM (42.5-creit,60-creit,an 80-creit programs),PhD
Department of Environmental Health
Exposure,epiemiology,an risk: SM (42.5-creit an 80-creit programs,incluing 80-creit program in inustrial hygiene),SD
Molecular an integrative physiological sciences: SD,PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)
Occupational health (incluing programs with Simmons College): MOH,SM (42.5-creit an 80-creit programs),SD,DPH
Department of Epiemiology
SM (42.5-creit an 80-creit programs),SD,DPH
Department of Genetics an Complex Diseases
PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)
Department of Global Health an Population
SM (80-creit program),SD,DPH
Department of Health Policy an Management
SM (42.5-creit an 80-creit programs),SD
Health care management (part-time,nonresiential): SM (42.5-creit program)
Health policy: PhD (through university program)
Department of Immunology an Infectious Diseases
SD,PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)
Department of Nutrition
Nutritional epiemiology,public health nutrition: SD,DPH
PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)
Department of Society,Human Development,an Health (incluing joint programs with Simmons College)
SM (42.5-creit an 80-creit programs),SD,DPH
Health communication: SM (80-creit program),SD,DPH
Maternal an chil health: SM (42.5-creit an 80-creit programs),SD,DPH
Master of Public Health Program
Clinical effectiveness,family an community health,health care management an policy,international health,law an public health,occupational an environmental health,quantitative methos: MPH
Combine MD-MPH
Joint JD-MPH (for Harvar law stuents only)
Definition of Terms
DPH Doctor of public health
MOH Master of occupational health
MPH Master of public health
PhD Doctor of philosophy
SD Doctor of science
SM Master of science

二、公共衛(wèi)生教育申請(qǐng)的要求：

1. 從HSPH和JHSPH的申請(qǐng)要求上，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院對(duì)申請(qǐng)的要求，1）至少需要具備本科學(xué)歷；
2. 就是不同的學(xué)院、專業(yè)方向和學(xué)位，對(duì)申請(qǐng)者都有某一個(gè)和數(shù)個(gè)方面的特殊要求
3. 學(xué)分越少的Program，對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的要求越苛刻。
   The Departments of Biostatistics an Epiemiology will review applicants holing a minimum of a bachelor's egree for the master of science 80 creit or the octoral program (PhD or SD,respectively).
   The Departments of Environmental Health; Global Health an Population (formerly Population an International Health);Health Policy an Management; Nutrition; an Society,Human Development,an Health may consier applicants with a minimum of a bachelor's egree,however,most successful caniates have some relevant work experience.
   Degree Name Prerequisite Degree Requirements
   Master of Science 80 creit SM Requires prior bachelor's egree or non-US equivalent. Some epartments prefer work experience?. See epartmental websites for more specific information. The 80-creit master of science is offere in Biostatistics; Environmental Health; Epiemiology; Global Health an Population (formerly Population an International Health); Health Policy an Management; an Society,Human Development,an Health.
   Master of Science 60 creit SM Requires prior bachelor's egree or non-US equivalent in one of the mathematical sciences or an allie fiel (for example,biology,psychology,or economics)?. The 60-creit master of science is offere in Biostatistics.
   Master of Science 42.5 creit SM Please see epartmental websites for specific prerequisite egree requirements. For most epartments,applicants must hol a prior octoral egree. The Department of Environmental Health will review applicants with a master’s egree in a relate iscipline or significant professional experience?. The Department of Society,Human Development,an Health will review applicants with a prior relate grauate egree an experience in the public health fiel. The 42.5-creit master of science is also offere in Biostatistics,Epiemiology,an Health Policy an Management.
   Master of Public Health
   MPH
   Requires prior octoral egree- for example MD,DO,DDS (or their non-US equivalents),PhD,SD,JD,or other health-relate octoral egrees. MD an DO stuents may apply to enroll between thir an fourth year in meical school. Also eligible to apply are those with a master's egree in a health-relate fiel (for example,MSN,MSW,MBA) an three years of relevant experience. The law an public health concentration requires a prior JD or non-US equivalent egree?. Law stuents alreay holing a relevant avance egree may also be consiere. Stuents who may have been accepte to Harvar Law School may apply to a joint JD/MPH program.
   Master of Occupational Health MOH Requires prior meical egree. The master of occupational health is offere through the Department of Environmental Health.
   Doctor of Science SD Bachelor's egree or non-US equivalent except for the Departments of Health Policy an Management (requires prior meical egree) an Immunology an Infectious Diseases (requires prior clinical egree). The SD is also offere in Environmental Health; Epiemiology; Global Health an Population (formerly Population an International Health); Nutrition; an Society,Human Development,an Health.
   Doctor of Public Health DPH Applicants must have,or be in progress towar,an MPH egree,in aition,caniates must hol an avance egree in a basic public health iscipline similar to the requirements for the master of public health (42.5 creit) program liste above?. The DPH is offere by Environmental Health; Epiemiology; Global Health an Population (formerly Population an International Health); Nutrition; an Society,Human Development,an Health.
   Doctor of Philosophy PhD All PhD programs are offere uner the aegis of the Harvar Grauate School of Arts an Sciences‘.專業(yè)的不同側(cè)重：從兩個(gè)不同專業(yè)Degree Planners側(cè)重的能力解讀
   
   
4. Epiemiology Environmental Epiemiology
   ? Demonstrate basic skills in core public health sciences of epiemiology an biostatistics.
   ? Develop comprehensive knowlege of the role of epiemiology as a basic science for public health an clinical meicine to provie a quantitative approach to aressing public health an clinical problems.
   ? Interpret escriptive epiemiologic results in orer to evelop hypotheses of possible risk factors for a isease.
   ? Critically evaluate public health an meical literature through knowlege gaine of the basic principles an methos of epiemiology,incluing isease (outcome) measures,measures of association,stuy esign options,bias,confouning,an effect measure moification.
   ? Apply quantitative skills to analyze an synthesize epiemiologic ata relate to public health issues.
   ? Develop quantitative skills neee to analyze an synthesize epiemiologic ata.
   ? Apply knowlege of the physiology an pathophysiology of human isease to epiemiologic stuies.
   ? Develop the skills to interpret the methos for isease screening.
   ? Develop substantive knowlege of the epiemiology of infectious an chronic isease an apply this knowlege to public health issues.
   ? Design an epiemiologic investigation (Master’s Thesis) resulting in a publishable manuscript or grant application.
   ? Demonstrate competence with the 5 core isciplines for the professional SM egree program (liste in the MPH Curriculum Guie).
   ? Characterize contaminant sources an mechanisms of environmental transport.
   ? Ientify,moel,measure,evaluate an interpret the human contact with environmental contaminants that constitutes exposure,an evelop strategies to control environmental hazars,allergens,an pathogens.
   ? Investigate health effects by applying appropriate statistical an epiemiological concepts an techniques to the relationships between environmental hazars an health outcomes.
   ? Employ risk assessment an management strategies to minimize averse outcomes.
   ? Communicate effectively with iniviuals an communities regaring risk associate with environmental hazars.
5. 衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(Biostatistics)：是近幾年的大熱學(xué)科，除開醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)生，不少數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)等理科的同學(xué)也紛紛申請(qǐng)。這個(gè)專業(yè)在美國(guó)前景非常之好，可以說(shuō)就業(yè)面廣，包括醫(yī)藥公司﹑政府衛(wèi)生部門和高校都需要此專業(yè)人才，技術(shù)性強(qiáng)，很少能被其他專業(yè)人才所取代，畢業(yè)后平均年收入也比其他衛(wèi)生類專業(yè)更高。衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的申請(qǐng)者不一定需要醫(yī)學(xué)背景，但往往學(xué)校會(huì)要求在本科或研究生階段有一定的高等數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)課程。
6. 流行病學(xué)(Epiemiology)：和衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)科有很大的交叉，都需要能熟練的運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件和原理，但對(duì)于疾病本身關(guān)注相對(duì)較多，畢業(yè)后大多也在各級(jí)別衛(wèi)生部門從事相關(guān)工作，如艾滋病防治，心臟病的防治項(xiàng)目等。申請(qǐng)時(shí)更看重申請(qǐng)人的醫(yī)學(xué)背景，被錄取者多來(lái)自公衛(wèi)本專業(yè)﹑臨床﹑藥學(xué)﹑護(hù)理﹑基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)等專業(yè)，對(duì)于國(guó)際學(xué)生更是看中醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)背景。
7. 社區(qū)與健康教育學(xué)(Community An Health Eucation)：是所有公衛(wèi)專業(yè)中最看重英語(yǔ)能力的，所以其GRE和IBT要求也最高，因?yàn)楫厴I(yè)后所開展的工作多以社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)與人群溝通能力。其工作范圍也相對(duì)較廣，滲透在幾乎衛(wèi)生事業(yè)各級(jí)別各類型工作中。申請(qǐng)人如果要申請(qǐng)此方向，英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)能力和過(guò)往實(shí)際的公共衛(wèi)生相關(guān)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)尤為重要。
8. 衛(wèi)生政策與管理學(xué)(Health Policies An Aministrations)：是公衛(wèi)專業(yè)所有專業(yè)里最偏向管理學(xué)和政治學(xué)的科目，甚至有部分課程來(lái)自MBA和法律專業(yè)。畢業(yè)生多在不同部門扮演衛(wèi)生政策的制定者或法律援助群體，也有很多在健康保險(xiǎn)和其他健康相關(guān)產(chǎn)品行業(yè)里工作。此專業(yè)對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的寫作能力以及工作或?qū)嵙?xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)較為看重，國(guó)際學(xué)生申請(qǐng)此專業(yè)較統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和流行病學(xué)相對(duì)較難，因?yàn)樾枰暾?qǐng)人了解美國(guó)的政府構(gòu)架和法律規(guī)范。
9. 環(huán)境與職業(yè)病衛(wèi)生學(xué)(Environmental An Occupational Health): 這是全世界范圍內(nèi)的熱門學(xué)科，在美國(guó)也如此，美國(guó)的環(huán)境與職業(yè)病衛(wèi)生學(xué)貫穿于水質(zhì)﹑空氣﹑土壤﹑基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和制造產(chǎn)業(yè)中的衛(wèi)生規(guī)范與管理，每年政府也會(huì)大力投入大量的人力和物力資源。可謂說(shuō)此專業(yè)是很多美國(guó)本土學(xué)生也致力申請(qǐng)的方向，而申請(qǐng)者也不需要強(qiáng)調(diào)醫(yī)學(xué)背景，其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，前景光明，對(duì)國(guó)際學(xué)生也并非有太高的語(yǔ)言門檻。三、學(xué)位設(shè)置各個(gè)大學(xué)的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院學(xué)位設(shè)置大致相同，它們包括，MPH(Master Of Public Health)﹑MSPH(Master Of Science Public Health)﹑PHD﹑MHA(Master Of Healthcare Aministration)。MPH和MSPH的區(qū)別在于前者多培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)際工作能力，后者多培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科研能力并可以進(jìn)一步深造Ph.D學(xué)位。MHA學(xué)位強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生作為管理者的能力，如人力資源管理，市場(chǎng)策劃等，是所有專業(yè)中最接近MBA的一種。PHD專業(yè)是為高校﹑研究機(jī)構(gòu)﹑政府部門培養(yǎng)的科研人才，一般獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金非常豐富，畢業(yè)后留美機(jī)會(huì)較大。
   
   
10. 四、申請(qǐng)人需做的準(zhǔn)備
    公共衛(wèi)生是熱門學(xué)科，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)非常激烈。GRE和IBT考試肯定是必不可少的，TOP20的公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院一般要托福100分以上(Speaking 20)。同時(shí)學(xué)院希望申請(qǐng)有一定的醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)背景，尤其針對(duì)國(guó)際學(xué)生，如沒有醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)學(xué)位，申請(qǐng)者可以積極參與國(guó)內(nèi)的公共衛(wèi)生項(xiàng)目，如疾病的宣傳教育課題，這樣可一定程度上彌補(bǔ)背景的不足。在申請(qǐng)過(guò)程中，PS(Personal Statement)和CV顯得尤為重要，學(xué)院希望申請(qǐng)人有對(duì)衛(wèi)生保健事業(yè)的強(qiáng)烈興趣和責(zé)任感，這往往從對(duì)自己未來(lái)的計(jì)劃和對(duì)過(guò)去背景的總結(jié)介紹中得知。公共衛(wèi)生的研究生階段獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金甚少，因?yàn)檫@也是當(dāng)前全美國(guó)的熱門學(xué)科，而排名靠前的公共衛(wèi)院一年的學(xué)費(fèi)和生活費(fèi)大約在3萬(wàn)5到5萬(wàn)美金左右。PHD階段獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金會(huì)相對(duì)多一些，但是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也是比較殘酷。
    公共衛(wèi)生作為當(dāng)前世界重要的議題，無(wú)論在中國(guó)和美國(guó)都具有相當(dāng)好的發(fā)展前景，在最近北美經(jīng)濟(jì)走勢(shì)不佳的情況下，仍然是非常熱門和容易找工作的學(xué)科。有此志向的同學(xué)可以提早為自己的將來(lái)做詳細(xì)的規(guī)劃，準(zhǔn)備好自己的申請(qǐng)。

就業(yè)方向：

1. 衛(wèi)生保健提供者。如醫(yī)院、社區(qū)健康服務(wù)中心、精神衛(wèi)生組織、實(shí)驗(yàn)（檢驗(yàn)）中心、護(hù)理院，主要提供預(yù)防、診斷、康復(fù)和護(hù)理服務(wù)。
2. 公共安全組織。如警察局、消防隊(duì)、醫(yī)療急救中心，預(yù)防處理緊急傷害和公共衛(wèi)生事件。
3. 環(huán)境保護(hù)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和食品安全機(jī)構(gòu)。作為執(zhí)法部門，監(jiān)督和保障安全的生存環(huán)境、保障人群健康。
4. 文化、教育、體育機(jī)構(gòu)。為社區(qū)提供促進(jìn)健康的精神環(huán)境和物質(zhì)環(huán)境。
5. 民政、慈善組織、NGO。為弱勢(shì)人群包括失能人士、低收入人士和獨(dú)居及高齡人士提供政策與物質(zhì)支持。
6. 大型企業(yè)的員工健康支持，健康保險(xiǎn)公司
   
   
7. 政府部門：**** Agency for Health Care Research an Quality (AHRQ)
   Centers for Disease Control an Prevention (CDC)
   Foo an Drug Aministration (FDA)
   Health Resources an Services Aministration (HRSA)
   Maternal an Chil Health Bureau,HRSA (MCHB)
   Office of Disease Prevention an Health Promotion (ODPHP/HHS)
   Public Health Functions / HP 2010
   Substance Abuse an Mental Health Services Aministration (SAMHSA)
   U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
   US Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) US Agency for International Development (USAID)
   Feeral Government Salary Table for the DC-MD-PA-VA-WV areas

【微語(yǔ)】我們?cè)诩异o靜守候,期盼你學(xué)成歸來(lái),那時(shí)的你將更加耀眼。