Alevel商務(wù)學(xué)長久以來都是個非常熱門的存在，它能夠銜接多個大學(xué)專業(yè)。也能培養(yǎng)出同學(xué)們基本的商務(wù)頭腦，這樣一門萬金油科目，其難度也是較高的，競爭壓力也相對來說回大得多。另外，Paper4的Essay寫作考試也令許多同學(xué)苦惱。我們留求藝留學(xué)在本站前篇分享過許多經(jīng)驗和資料，本篇中的知識點是有關(guān)思想流派的總結(jié)，后續(xù)會繼續(xù)為大家總結(jié)更多材料，一起來看看吧！

There are a number of different 'schools' of management thought that have been developed over the past century. The main 'schools' of thought are 在過去的一個世紀(jì)里，有許多不同的管理思想 "流派"。主要的思想 "流派 "有:

Classical Management. 古典管理

This was developed by Henri Fayol and it emphasised the following factors as being essential to an effective management process 這是由亨利-法約爾提出的，它強調(diào)以下因素對有效的管理過程至關(guān)重要:

a) The division of labour. 勞動分工

b) A wide span of control. 廣泛的控制范圍

c) A tall organisational structure. 高大的組織結(jié)構(gòu)

d) An authoritarian style of management. 獨裁的管理風(fēng)格

Scientific Management. 科學(xué)管理

This method was developed in the USA in the early part of the 20th century by Frederick Taylor, building on the earlier work of Henri Fayol.

這種方法是由弗雷德里克-泰勒在20世紀(jì)初在美國發(fā)展起來的，是在亨利-法約爾早期工作的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。

Taylor also believed that a high division of labour was needed to produce more output, and he introduced a piece-rate style of payment for the workforce (this meant that the workers received an amount of money per 'piece' that they produced, thereby linking their pay to their productivity).

泰勒還認(rèn)為，需要高度分工以產(chǎn)生更多的產(chǎn)出，他為勞動力引入了計件工資的方式（這意味著工人每生產(chǎn)一個 "件 "就會得到一筆錢，從而將他們的工資與他們的生產(chǎn)力聯(lián)系起來）。

Taylor also worked very closely with Henry Ford in developing the world's first moving production-line for the model 'T' Ford car.

泰勒還與亨利-福特緊密合作，為福特T型車開發(fā)了世界上第一條移動生產(chǎn)線。

This method of management paid close attention to 'time and motion' studies, where each worker is timed when performing a task, and then this provides the basis for the worker's level of output per day (e.g. if it took a worker 2 minutes to perform a task, then this could be done 30 times per hour, and 240 times in an 8-hour day).

這種管理方法密切關(guān)注 "時間和動作 "的研究，即每個工人在執(zhí)行任務(wù)時都要進行計時，然后為工人每天的產(chǎn)出水平提供依據(jù)（例如，如果一個工人執(zhí)行一項任務(wù)需要2分鐘，那么每小時可以做30次，一天8小時可以做240次）。

If the worker completed more than his designated number of tasks per day, then he would be eligible for a monetary bonus.

如果工人每天完成的任務(wù)量超過了他指定的數(shù)量，那么他就有資格獲得貨幣獎勵。

Taylor believed that efficiency and discipline were the two greatest features of a good manager and a good workforce, but what he failed to recognise was the high level of alienation and low levels of morale and motivation that this system produces in the workforce.

泰勒認(rèn)為，效率和紀(jì)律是好的管理者和好的勞動力的兩個最大特點，但他沒有認(rèn)識到的是，這種制度在勞動力中產(chǎn)生的高度疏離和低水平的士氣和動力。

【微語】留學(xué)是一條漫長的路，不要因小失大。在留學(xué)中，你可以感悟人生，體驗文化，磨礪意志，陶冶情操，但千萬不要迷失方向。