托福寫作可以說(shuō)是所有人“會(huì)呼吸的痛”，托福考生最犯怵的單項(xiàng)，往往就是寫作，它真的是一個(gè)很令人頭疼的單項(xiàng)，為什么會(huì)這樣 ? 主要是因?yàn)檫@種國(guó)際型的語(yǔ)言考試，和傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的寫作要求是非常不一樣的。

托福寫作總共 50 分鐘時(shí)間，要求學(xué)生完成兩篇文章，一篇綜合寫作，另外一篇獨(dú)立寫作，綜合寫作是 20 分鐘的時(shí)間，而獨(dú)立寫作是 30 分鐘的時(shí)間，這個(gè)時(shí)間是一定需要遵守的。而且托?？荚囀请娔X作答，第一篇作文綜合寫作考察大家的綜合能力。先要求大家閱讀一段文字，然后再聽一段聽力，最后根據(jù)你所閱讀的材料和聽到的聽力進(jìn)行寫作。而獨(dú)立寫作在形式上和雅思大作文基本上是一致的，即議論文一篇。

而托福獨(dú)立寫作往往還要求學(xué)生使用實(shí)例名人名言等“引證”，這更是增加了大家的難度。所以我們會(huì)覺得在初中、高中甚至是四六級(jí)的考試當(dāng)中，寫作也還是可以的，但是一到托福的考試過(guò)程當(dāng)中，往往很難拿捏到底什么樣的寫作是好的寫作，什么樣的文章是好的文章。

希望今天大家讀完文章后可以對(duì)于托福獨(dú)立寫作中“引證”這個(gè)獨(dú)特的拿分點(diǎn)有所領(lǐng)悟。

托福獨(dú)立寫作字?jǐn)?shù)一般情況下 350 到 450 字之間，太長(zhǎng)或者過(guò)短都不太好。這些紫薯中包括了學(xué)生 “引證”時(shí)使用的事例或者諺語(yǔ)等。托福寫作鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多使用事例，包括名人名言，個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，新聞報(bào)道，諺語(yǔ)，成語(yǔ)，這些都是可以用在托福獨(dú)立寫作中的“引證”，接下來(lái)我們將用一個(gè)具體的作文題目及范文幫助大家更好的理解“引證”。

這里有一個(gè)托福獨(dú)立寫作題目：

Which one o you prefer,to solve problems on your own experience an knowlege,or to ask others for avice?

范文：

As knowlege an experience serve as twin towers in problem-solving,one is often presente with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment,either to wrack his brain,just like what happene to Newton,siting for many years uner an apple tree an eventually figuring out one of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe,or to seek for others’ wisom through their avice,just as in the case of Benjamin Franklin,gathering great mins uner one roof an then establishing a most worl-renown library. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involve,however,Benjamin Franklin may best be regare as a role moel in this respect an asking people for avice often turn out to be the prime alternative.

Experience an knowlege borrowe or learne from others’ avice contribute greatly to effectiveness an efficiency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience an knowlege relate to problem-solving can be obtaine by personal effort alone ue to limitations of min an capabilities of each iniviual. A single thought in someone ’ s min is,more often than not,far less shining compare with group ’ s wisom. That explains the famous ol saying that one sees further when staning upon the shoulers ’?of past great giants; that explains why a great leaer is always with greater mins; that also explains why teamwork in corporation is highly emphasize in the 21st century. Brainstorm an exchange of ieas between ifferent thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each iniviual involve,a team,a company,an institution,a country,or even the entire global village.

Asking others’ avice instea of getting everything one on one ’ s own promotes emocracy an communication too. In terms of emocracy,it is necessary to give others rights an chances to speak since the problem may concern them in ifferent ways,an their saying in turn reflects our respect towar freeom of speech as well as their wisom. In terms of communication,iea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions,an hereby better mutual unerstaning about perspectives,principles,practicalities an personalities of each other.

Amittely turning to others for help an suggestion by no means refers to absolute an irresponsible epenence. Consieration upon ifferent thoughts an ieas broaens our min,enlarges our vision,furthers unerstaning,enhances more effective an efficient brainstorm,an stresses mutual respect in groups an communities,which unoubtely gives rise to better,if not the best solutions.As is paraphrase from John F Kenney,brainstorme,there is little we can not o while ivie,there is little we can o.

那么在以上內(nèi)容中，“引證”有哪些呢？

開頭段中：

“…….one is often presente with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment,either to wrack his brain,just like what happene to Newton,siting for many years uner an apple tree an eventually figuring out one of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe ……”

“……?just as in the case of Benjamin Franklin,gathering great mins uner one roof an then establishing a most worl-renown library. ”

以上兩個(gè)點(diǎn)分別使用了牛頓和富蘭克林兩位偉人的故事來(lái)印證作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者想要表示兩種途徑均可以達(dá)到解決問(wèn)題的作用，而這兩個(gè)案例似的作者的觀點(diǎn)不那么的空洞和單薄，這是外國(guó)人喜歡的論證方式：以事實(shí)說(shuō)話。在開頭段結(jié)尾處，作者最后還是選擇了富蘭克林代表的去找別人詢問(wèn)意見。

中間的段落中：

“ That explains the famous ol saying that one sees further when staning upon the shoulers ’?of past great giants; ”

“ Brainstorm an exchange of ieas between ifferent thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each iniviual involve,a team,a company,an institution,a country,oreven the entire global village. ”

以上兩個(gè)點(diǎn)也是“引證”。這次不是名人案例，作者在這里選擇使用諺語(yǔ)及實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行“引證”。第一句諺語(yǔ)實(shí)際上就是大家所熟悉的“站在巨人的肩膀上，所以看得遠(yuǎn)”，也我們的一句老話“站得高看得遠(yuǎn)”頗有異曲同工之妙。

第二個(gè)“引證”則是用“頭腦風(fēng)暴”這個(gè)實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)一步論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。這樣的形式變化不僅可以讓考生的選擇更加多樣，更讓考官不會(huì)覺得“引證”選擇過(guò)于單一而對(duì)學(xué)生的寫作素材量產(chǎn)生懷疑。

結(jié)尾段中：

“ As is paraphrase from John F Kenney,brainstorme,there is little we cannot o while ivie,there is little we can o. ”

作者再次引用肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的言論作為結(jié)尾進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)“引證”。為自己的獨(dú)立寫作劃上了一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的結(jié)尾。

通過(guò)對(duì)這篇文章的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。引證可以有很多形式，偉人故事、名人名言、諺語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)、甚至是新聞故事。只要能夠與大家的論點(diǎn)相切合，我們都可以“引證”到獨(dú)立寫作當(dāng)中。

要想做好這一點(diǎn)。大家必須要更多的在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中積攢相應(yīng)的素材，做到考前心中有數(shù)，這樣我們才能更好的完成托福寫作對(duì)我們的要求。另外，“引證”不可以過(guò)多，但是也不能太少，它的比例很重要，另外引證的位置是很重要的，不能濫竽充數(shù)一般的隨便搬一段“引證”放在錯(cuò)誤的位置或者段落都會(huì)造成適得其反的不良效果，只要能做到以上這些，大家的托福獨(dú)立寫作“引證”之路肯定會(huì)越走越順暢的。

托福寫作常見問(wèn)題問(wèn)答：

1.?新托福寫作綜合寫作的字?jǐn)?shù)要求時(shí)多少？如果超過(guò)字?jǐn)?shù)要求會(huì)扣分嗎？

官方明確要求托福綜合寫作字?jǐn)?shù)是 150 至 225 字之間，而且我們建議考生盡量不超過(guò) 225 字，因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生寫作水平很好但是字?jǐn)?shù)超過(guò) 225 字后往往沒(méi)有獲得理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。希望大家都能按照官方的要求寫作并控制字?jǐn)?shù)。

2.?我托福寫作考試獨(dú)立寫作沒(méi)有使用案例，全部使用了論證，這樣好嗎？

就像我在文章中提到過(guò)的，如果完全沒(méi)有案例或者 “引證”的話，肯定是不夠好的，因?yàn)楣俜焦膭?lì)大家使用一定的“引證”。至少要求 2-3 個(gè)。