一篇論文的開(kāi)頭段落將會(huì)給讀者提供他們對(duì)論文論點(diǎn)、寫作風(fēng)格和整體質(zhì)量的初步印象。這可能是論文中最難寫的部分。一個(gè)模糊的、無(wú)組織的、錯(cuò)誤百出的或者無(wú)聊的Introduction可能會(huì)給人留下負(fù)面的印象。下文總結(jié)了五種無(wú)效的Introduction寫作方式，同學(xué)要盡量避免這些內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在自己的論文中。

1、The placeholder introduction

當(dāng)你對(duì)某個(gè)話題沒(méi)有太多話要說(shuō)的時(shí)候，就很容易產(chǎn)生這種引言。本質(zhì)上，這種較弱的引言，涵蓋了一些語(yǔ)焉不詳、并沒(méi)有真正說(shuō)出重點(diǎn)的句子。這樣的存在只是為了占據(jù)你論文的空間。

示例：Slavery was one of the greatest tragedies in American history. There were many different aspects of slavery. Each created different kinds of problems for enslaved people.

2、The restated question introduction

重述問(wèn)題有時(shí)可能是一種有效的策略，但是很容易停留在重述問(wèn)題上，而不是為你的論文提供更具體、有趣的闡述。

示例：The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass discusses the relationship between education and slavery in 19th century America,showing how white control of education reinforced slavery and how Douglass and other enslaved African Americans viewed education while they endured. Moreover,the book discusses the role that education played in the acquisition of freedom. Education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.

3、The Webster’s Dictionary introduction

這種引言首先給出指定問(wèn)題中一個(gè)或多個(gè)單詞的字典定義。任何人都可以在字典里查一個(gè)單詞，然后抄下來(lái)。如果你想以一個(gè)重要術(shù)語(yǔ)的討論開(kāi)始，如果你在你的課堂和作業(yè)的特定背景下發(fā)展你自己的術(shù)語(yǔ)定義，對(duì)你(和你的讀者)來(lái)說(shuō)可能會(huì)有趣得多。你也可以使用課堂上閱讀過(guò)的資料中的一個(gè)定義。還要認(rèn)識(shí)到字典也不是特別權(quán)威的著作，因?yàn)闆](méi)有考慮到你的課程背景，也沒(méi)有提供特別詳細(xì)的信息。如果你覺(jué)得你必須找到一個(gè)權(quán)威，試著找一個(gè)非常相關(guān)和具體的信息。也許引用一篇閱讀材料會(huì)更好。這種引言是無(wú)效的，因?yàn)楸贿^(guò)度使用了。

示例：Webster’s dictionary defines slavery as “the state of being a slave,”as “the practice of owning slaves,”and as “a condition of hard work and subjection.”

4、The “dawn of man”introduction

這種引言通常對(duì)這個(gè)主題的相關(guān)性作出廣泛、全面的陳述，從時(shí)間的開(kāi)始，到世界各地，等等。通常非?；\統(tǒng)，未能直接連接到論文?？赡軙?huì)有一些陳詞濫調(diào)，“the dawn of man”和“throughout human history”都是例子。

示例： Since the dawn of man,slavery has been a problem in human history.

5、The book report introduction

這種引言同樣是無(wú)效的，因?yàn)橹惶峁┝四愕淖x者可能已經(jīng)知道的細(xì)節(jié)，而且與論文無(wú)關(guān)。

示例：Frederick Douglass wrote his autobiography,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,An American Slave,in the 1840s. It was published in 1986 by penguin Books. In it,he tells the story of his life.

同學(xué)在論文寫作過(guò)程中，一定要盡可能地避免這五種無(wú)效的Introduction寫作方式。