Alevel經(jīng)濟學(xué)的知識點繁多，考試和寫作任務(wù)都給大家?guī)砗艽髩毫?，尤其是面對全英文作答的試卷和上千字的essay時，常有一種無力之感。解決這樣的困難，只有在平時多下功夫?qū)W習(xí)，鞏固基礎(chǔ)知識點，畢竟高分不是一蹴而就的。

在本站，我們留求藝留學(xué)已經(jīng)為大家分享過多篇有關(guān)Alevel經(jīng)濟學(xué)備考的資料了，本篇為市場勢力、定價策略、經(jīng)濟效率和福利知識點的整理，可供復(fù)習(xí)參考。

Pricing Strategies定價策略

·Aims: sell excess stock, extra revenue, increase profit, improved cash flow目的：出售多余的庫存，額外的收入，增加利潤，改善現(xiàn)金流

·1st degree: consumer surplus is known so sold at that price e.g. ebay第一度：消費者盈余是已知的，所以以該價格出售，例如：易貝網(wǎng)。

·2nd degree: when a firm has surplus capacity so sells at a lower price to attract people who would not usually buy e.g. ￡1 tickets at football stadium for adults to bring their kids第二度：當(dāng)公司有多余的能力，所以以較低的價格出售，以吸引那些通常不會購買的人，例如，在足球場的1英鎊門票，讓成年人帶著他們的孩子。

·3rd degree: when different groups are charged different prices e.g. peak and off peak第三度：當(dāng)不同的群體被收取不同的價格時，例如，高峰和非高峰。

·Loss Leaders: setting a low price on some products to entice customers into shop where hopefully they will also buy other goods as well. However, it is illegal to sell goods below cost, so firms could be investigated by OFT.虧損領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者：對某些產(chǎn)品設(shè)定低價，以吸引顧客進(jìn)店，希望他們也會購買其他商品。然而，以低于成本的價格銷售商品是違法的，所以企業(yè)可能會受到公平貿(mào)易局的調(diào)查。

·Price matching: making a promise to match any price cuts by your competitors, discourages your competitors from cutting price. because they know there is little point in cutting prices, because you will respond straight away,avoid price wars and give the impression of being very competitive.價格匹配：承諾匹配你的競爭對手的任何降價，阻止你的競爭對手降價，因為他們知道降價的意義不大，因為你會立即作出反應(yīng)，避免價格戰(zhàn)，給人以非常有競爭力的印象。

·Profit Maximisation: where MR=MC,in practise it can be difficult to work this out precisely.利潤最大化：MR=MC，在實踐中可能很難精確計算。

·Sales Maximisation. Aiming to maximise sales whilst making normal profit., price equal to average cost.銷售最大化。目的是在賺取正常利潤的同時實現(xiàn)銷售最大化，價格等同于平均成本。

·Cross Subsidisation. A big multinational may use profits in one area to subsidise a price war in another.交叉補貼。一個大的跨國公司可能用一個地區(qū)的利潤來補貼另一個地區(qū)的價格戰(zhàn)。

·Mark-up pricing. This involves setting a price equal to marginal cost of production + x. (where x = the profit margin a firm wants to make on each sale)加價定價。這包括設(shè)定一個等于生產(chǎn)的邊際成本+x的價格（其中x=公司希望在每筆銷售中獲得的利潤率）。

Monopsony Power 壟斷性權(quán)力

·when a firm has market power in employing factors of production.當(dāng)一個公司在使用生產(chǎn)要素方面擁有市場力量時。

·means there is one buyer and many sellers.這意味著有一個買家和許多賣家。

Monopsony in Labour Market 勞動力市場上的壟斷

·An example of a monopsony occurs when there is one major employer and many workers seeking to gain employment.當(dāng)有一個主要雇主和許多尋求就業(yè)的工人時，就會出現(xiàn)壟斷的例子。

·If there is only one main employer of labour, then they have market power in setting wages and choosing how many workers to employ.如果只有一個主要的勞動力雇主，那么他們在確定工資和選擇雇傭多少工人方面就有市場權(quán)力。

·Coal mine owner in town where coal mining is primary source of employment.鎮(zhèn)上的煤礦主，煤礦開采是主要的就業(yè)來源

·Government in employment of civil servants, nurses, police政府雇用公務(wù)員、護(hù)士、警察。

Diagram of Monopsony 壟斷的圖示

·In a competitive labour market, the equilibrium will be where D=S at Q1, W1.在一個競爭性的勞動力市場中，平衡點將是在Q1、W1時D=S。

·However, a monopsony can pay lower wages and employ fewer workers.然而，壟斷者可以支付較低的工資，雇用較少的工人。

Problems of Monopsony in Labour Markets?勞動力市場中的壟斷問題

·Monopsony can lead to lower wages for workers. This increases inequality in society.壟斷會導(dǎo)致工人的工資降低。這增加了社會的不平等。

·Workers are paid less than their marginal revenue product.工人的工資低于他們的邊際收入產(chǎn)品。

·Firms with monopsony power often have a degree of monopoly selling power. This enables them to make high profits at the expense of consumers and workers.擁有壟斷權(quán)力的公司往往有一定程度的壟斷銷售權(quán)。這使他們能夠在犧牲消費者和工人利益的情況下獲得高額利潤。

·Firms with monopsony power may also care less about working conditions because workers don't have many alternatives to the main firm.擁有壟斷權(quán)力的公司也可能不太關(guān)心工作條件，因為工人在主要公司之外沒有很多選擇。

Monopsony in Product Markets 產(chǎn)品市場中的壟斷

In several industries there is one buyer and several sellers.在一些行業(yè)中，有一個買家和幾個賣家。

·Supermarkets have monopsony power in buying food from farmers. If farmers don't sell to the big supermarkets, there are few alternatives.超市在向農(nóng)民購買食品方面具有壟斷力量。如果農(nóng)民不賣給大超市，就沒有什么替代品。

·Amazon.com is one of the biggest purchases of books. If publishers don't sell to Amazon at a discounted price, they will miss out on selling to the biggest distributor of books.亞馬遜網(wǎng)站是最大的書籍購買者之一。如果出版商不以折扣價賣給亞馬遜，他們就會錯過賣給最大的圖書分銷商的機會。

【微語】你在遠(yuǎn)方追逐夢想的腳步, 是我心中最美的風(fēng)景, 愿你學(xué)有所成, 不負(fù)韶華！