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Exchange Rate 匯率:The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. 一種貨幣可以兌換成另一種貨幣的匯率。

Types of exchange rates 匯率的類型:

1.A Floating Exchange Rate System 浮動(dòng)匯率制度

This is determined by market forces. If demand for the currency rises, this will raise the exchange rate where as if the supply of the currency increases; the exchange rate will fall in value. In a floating exchange rate thePurchasing Power Parity (PPP)should apply. This states that the price of one good should cost the same price as the same good in another country. This is because the exchange rate should adjust until a unit of currency can buy exactly the same amount of goods and services as a unit of another currency.

這是由市場(chǎng)力量決定的。如果對(duì)貨幣的需求增加，這將提高匯率，如果貨幣的供應(yīng)增加，匯率將下降。在浮動(dòng)匯率中，購買力平價(jià)（PPP）應(yīng)該適用。這說明一種商品的價(jià)格應(yīng)該與另一個(gè)國家的相同商品的價(jià)格相同。這是因?yàn)閰R率應(yīng)該調(diào)整到一個(gè)單位的貨幣可以購買與另一個(gè)單位的貨幣完全相同的商品和服務(wù)。

·Advantages of a Floating Exchange Rate System 浮動(dòng)匯率制度的優(yōu)勢(shì)

1. The exchange rate will automatically adjust so that supply of a currency will equal demand, this will eliminate balance of payments deficits or surpluses without any government intervention. For example, if imports rise then so will the supply of the pound leading to a fall in the exchange rate. If the pound falls then exports will become more competitive and imports will become less competitive therefore there will be no more deficit. 匯率將自動(dòng)調(diào)整，使貨幣的供應(yīng)量等于需求量，這將消除國際收支的赤字或盈余，而不需要任何政府干預(yù)。例如，如果進(jìn)口增加，那么英鎊的供應(yīng)也會(huì)增加，導(dǎo)致匯率下降。如果英鎊下跌，那么出口將變得更有競(jìng)爭力，進(jìn)口將變得更沒有競(jìng)爭力，因此將不再有赤字。

2. The country operating with this exchange rate will not need a central bank to keep foreign reserves. 采用這種匯率的國家將不需要中央銀行來保持外匯儲(chǔ)備。

3. As no government intervention is needed then it means that they can pursue their own domestic policies. 由于不需要政府干預(yù)，這意味著他們可以推行自己的國內(nèi)政策。

4. Reduces imported inflation, this is because if a currency depreciates then I will mean that imports will decrease and therefore imported inflation will decrease as well. 減少進(jìn)口通貨膨脹，這是因?yàn)槿绻泿刨H值，那么我將意味著進(jìn)口將減少，因此進(jìn)口通貨膨脹也將減少。

5. It possibly reduces speculation, because speculators might lose and so do not take the risk. 它可能會(huì)減少投機(jī)，因?yàn)橥稒C(jī)者可能會(huì)損失，所以不冒這個(gè)險(xiǎn)。

·Disadvantages of a Floating Exchange Rate System 浮動(dòng)匯率制度的弊端

1. It causes instability, which will deter investment and trade. 導(dǎo)致不穩(wěn)定，這將阻止投資和貿(mào)易。

2. It can lead to inflation, this will lead to a fall in demand for its currency and a fall in exchange rate. This makes its good competitive again but makes imports more expensive, which in the long run will lead to more cost-push inflation. 它可能導(dǎo)致通貨膨脹，這將導(dǎo)致其貨幣需求的下降和匯率的下降。這使其良好的競(jìng)爭力再次得到體現(xiàn)，但卻使進(jìn)口商品更加昂貴，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這將導(dǎo)致更多的成本推動(dòng)型通貨膨脹。

3. Speculation on future movements can lead to major changes in the rate. 對(duì)未來走勢(shì)的猜測(cè)會(huì)導(dǎo)致匯率的重大變化。

4. Governments are not forced to control their economies, for example they do not have to ensure that domestic inflation is in line with other countries to ensure their firms are competitive (this is because the pound can depreciate). 政府并不被迫控制其經(jīng)濟(jì)，例如，他們不必確保國內(nèi)通貨膨脹與其他國家保持一致，以確保其公司具有競(jìng)爭力（這是因?yàn)橛㈡^可以貶值）。

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