無論IGCSE還是A-level，經(jīng)濟課程主要存在以下幾大難點：課程內(nèi)容量大，知識點瑣碎；涉及到數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用的內(nèi)容；大量的 essay寫作。其中最令學(xué)生感到頭疼的當(dāng)屬棘手的essay寫作任務(wù)，如何寫出一份讓考官拍案叫絕的優(yōu)秀essay，是每一個IG和A-level經(jīng)濟學(xué)生都在苦苦思索的問題。

今天我們來根據(jù)示例，從框架和評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看下書寫Essay的方法。

在寫一篇essay之前，第一步就是要讀懂題目，在下筆之前要先有一個大致的框架。

題目舉例：

Distinguish between the domestic and external consequences of inflation and discuss which is most damaging to an economy (12)

對于這個問題，我們可以把它簡化為以下幾個部分：

通貨膨脹對于國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟的影響？

通貨膨脹對于國外經(jīng)濟的影響？

討論國內(nèi)和國外哪個影響更嚴(yán)重？

這樣我們就可以從以上三個方面對問題進行分析。

有了一個整體的框架之后，我們就要根據(jù)A-level經(jīng)濟學(xué)essay評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（KAAE）來書寫essay：

概念解釋——Knowledge

邏輯分析——Analysis

論據(jù)或案例——Application

批判性評論——evaluation

K：概念解釋——knowledge

主要寫在第一段，闡述題目所涉及的definition，比如這道題，我們可以先去簡單定義一下inflation，再去總起整篇文章的開頭，如：

Inflation means a sustained increase in the general price level of an economy over a period of time, it has both domestic and external damages to an economy. Domestic damages affect the operation of a local economy, while external damages affect international transactions between local and foreign economies.

需要注意的是，一般定義部分都不需要太長，因為不會占很多分，你只需要展示出來你會這個知識點即可。

A：邏輯分析——Analysis & A: 論據(jù)或案例——Application

這兩個A的部分一般是放在一起的，我們說論述一個問題要有理有據(jù)，理就是analysis的目的，而據(jù)就是論據(jù)或者是案例也就是application。

如果回到剛剛那個題目，我們需要在段落的組織上先呼應(yīng)題目進行分段，可以先去描述國內(nèi)的影響，再去描述國外的影響，如：

Internal consequences include the impact on savings and investment, the re-distribution of income, menu costs and shoe-leather costs.

Firstly, inflation will reduce the purchasing power. Some people may

gain and some people may lose as a result of inflation. For example, if the rate of interest does not rise in line with inflation, borrowers will gain and lenders (savers) will lose. This is because borrowers will pay back less in real terms

and lenders will receive less. As a result, there will be a redistribution of income.

Inflation can also discourage investors from entering a market or making further investment due to the unpredictability and risks associated with inflation. Investors may wait and see or not invest at all, resulting in a fall in aggregate demand and output level in the economy.

Moreover, inflation will cause an increase of the shoe-leather and menu costs for producers. Shoe-leather cost refers to the amount of time , money and resources spent on seeking alternative suppliers or bargaining for lower prices of goods. Menu cost refers to the cost involved in changing prices. For example, catalogs, price tags, bar codes and advertisements have to be changed. This involves staff time and is unpopular with customers.

External consequences include the impact on trade and the exchange rate and international investment flows.

Inflation will make exports less competitive in international markets since the price of domestic goods will be higher. Consumers in the domestic economy may find imports of the same good to be cheaper. As a result, there will be an increase in import expenditure and a fall in export revenue.

Inflation can thus be likely to lead to a rise in the current account deficit, which occurs when the value of goods imported exceeds the value of goods exported. With persistent and growing current account deficit, the exchange rate will depreciate and the domestic currency will be worth less than before the inflation.

要注意，在闡述每個論點的段落里，Analysis和Application是同時存在且相輔相成的，甚至也可以加入一些key terms的闡釋也就是Knowledge。

一般我會建議學(xué)生們每個方向?qū)?-3個點（段落），那整篇文章從內(nèi)容上來說就會非常的充實。

如果在描述知識點邏輯的過程中，可以作圖，即結(jié)合diagram來闡述分析的邏輯鏈，那就大大得為你的essay加分。但是，圖形的闡釋往往有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的格式，大家一定要注意，不然容易得不償失。

E：批判性評論——evaluation

除了掌握好KAA前三大要素外，要重點把握好如何寫evaluation，所謂批判性評價，不是非黑即白或者單純的駁論，更需要考慮限制性因素以及成立條件。

首先，經(jīng)濟考試為什么特別愛讓考生去evaluate（評估）某類經(jīng)濟事件的效果如何、或者某種政策方案是否能解決問題？

答案：因為現(xiàn)實往往十分復(fù)雜，課本上用于描述經(jīng)濟事件和方法的模型高度簡化。在實際的經(jīng)濟活動中，模型所描述的現(xiàn)象和效果會受一系列外在因素的影響、不同經(jīng)濟活動參與者對同一事件的反應(yīng)也不一樣。而evaluation部分，評估的就是各種實際情況會有別于理論描述的可能性。

比如，在我們這篇essay中，到底通貨膨脹對于國內(nèi)影響更嚴(yán)重，還是國外影響更嚴(yán)重？其實很難去回答，很多時候是取決于這個國家的開放程度的，比如一個國家相對封閉，崇尚自給自足的經(jīng)濟模式，那對于這樣的國家來說，可能外部影響的波及范圍就很?。?/p>

It is difficult to determine whether domestic or external consequences of inflation can be most damaging to an economy. If an economy heavily engages in trade, then external consequences will damage the economy more,otherwise, internal consequences will be more damaging.

除此以外，我們還可以從不同的匯率體系入手：

Another factor is the exchange rate system adopted by an economy. Under a fixed exchange rate system, inflation will directly affect the export competitiveness of an economy. Under a floating exchange rate system, on the other hand, the exchange rate can depreciate and reduce the effects of inflation on export prices.

綜上所述，我會建議同學(xué)們可以根據(jù)你考試的時間，寫2-3個evaluation，一定要切記，每一個點都需要去解釋明白背后的邏輯。

除此以外呢，常見的evaluation點包括：Long term VS Short term （長短期），Pros & Cons （優(yōu)缺點） 以及 G priorities （政府的優(yōu)先級）....

最后一步，也是點睛之筆的一步，我們要根據(jù)綜上所述去寫一個結(jié)論，所有文章都是需要有頭有尾才完整。

In conclusion, both domestic and external consequences can be damaging to an economy. The extent of the consequences can differ from one economy to another, and is influenced by the openness to international trade and the type of exchange rate system.

【微語】留學(xué)，就是一種選擇，更是一種人生態(tài)度，我們不能決定出國的時間，但可以改變出國的心態(tài)。