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Production Methods 生產(chǎn)方式

There are four ways for manufacturing businesses to organise their production - job production, batch production, flow production and cell production.

制造業(yè)企業(yè)有四種組織生產(chǎn)的方式--作業(yè)生產(chǎn)、批量生產(chǎn)、流動(dòng)生產(chǎn)和單元生產(chǎn)。

Job production 作業(yè)生產(chǎn)

This method of production involves an item being manufactured entirely by one worker or by a group of workers. 這種生產(chǎn)方式是指完全由一名工人或一組工人來(lái)制造一件物品。

These items are often made to customer requirements, rather than being mass produced. This type of production is usually undertaken by small businesses and craft industries (e.g. carpenters), although larger businesses which specialise in 'one-off' products (e.g. bridges) may also use this production method. 這些物品通常是根據(jù)客戶(hù)的要求制作的，而不是大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。這種類(lèi)型的生產(chǎn)通常由小型企業(yè)和手工業(yè)（如木匠）承擔(dān)，盡管專(zhuān)門(mén)生產(chǎn) "一次性 "產(chǎn)品的大型企業(yè)（如橋梁）也可能使用這種生產(chǎn)方法。

Batch production 批量生產(chǎn)

This method of production involves the manufacture of an item being divided into a number of small tasks. A collection (or 'batch') of items each have one of these tasks completed, and then the batch moves onto the next manufacturing task.

這種生產(chǎn)方法涉及到將一件物品的制造分成若干小任務(wù)。一組（或'批次'）的物品各自完成其中一個(gè)任務(wù)，然后批次進(jìn)入下一個(gè)制造任務(wù)。

In other words, several items have the same task performed on each of them and then they move onto the next task together in a group.

換句話說(shuō)，幾件物品中的每一件都有相同的任務(wù)，然后它們一起進(jìn)入下一個(gè)任務(wù)，形成一個(gè)群體。

This production method can result in the build-up of large amounts of stock and work-in-progress. This may be a problem if the business is in a fashion industry, where customers' tastes can change quickly and unpredictably, leaving the business with much stock that it is unable to sell.

這種生產(chǎn)方法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量庫(kù)存和在制品的積累。如果企業(yè)屬于時(shí)尚行業(yè)，這可能是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)榭蛻?hù)的口味可能會(huì)迅速改變，而且無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)，從而使企業(yè)有很多庫(kù)存無(wú)法出售。

Flow production 流動(dòng)生產(chǎn)

This method of production involves the tasks which were identified in 'batch' production becoming continuous for each unit, often with the use of a moving conveyor belt (e.g. a car assembly line). Each unit is produced individually, instead of being produced in batches.

這種生產(chǎn)方式涉及到在 "批量 "生產(chǎn)中確定的任務(wù)成為每個(gè)單元的連續(xù)任務(wù)，通常使用移動(dòng)的傳送帶（例如，汽車(chē)裝配線）。每個(gè)單元都是單獨(dú)生產(chǎn)的，而不是成批生產(chǎn)的。

This type of production is usually undertaken by large businesses. This method of production was first established by Henry Ford in the 1920s, when he developed the world's first automated production line. This involved each car passing the workers on a moving conveyor belt, rather than the workers continually moving to the car. This method should boost labour productivity and reduce average cost of production even further.

這種類(lèi)型的生產(chǎn)通常由大型企業(yè)承擔(dān)。這種生產(chǎn)方式最早是由亨利-福特在20世紀(jì)20年代建立的，當(dāng)時(shí)他開(kāi)發(fā)了世界上第一條自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線。這涉及到每輛汽車(chē)在移動(dòng)的傳送帶上經(jīng)過(guò)工人，而不是工人不斷地移動(dòng)到汽車(chē)上。這種方法應(yīng)該可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，進(jìn)一步降低平均生產(chǎn)成本。

It is often argued that flow production leads to high rates of alienation, demotivation and absenteeism amongst the employees - it is for these reasons that much machinery is today used on these production lines to perform simple, repetitive tasks which humans may easily become bored in performing.

經(jīng)常有人認(rèn)為，流水線生產(chǎn)會(huì)導(dǎo)致員工的疏離感、積極性和缺勤率很高--正是由于這些原因，今天在這些生產(chǎn)線上使用了許多機(jī)器來(lái)執(zhí)行簡(jiǎn)單的、重復(fù)的任務(wù)，而人類(lèi)在執(zhí)行這些任務(wù)時(shí)很容易感到厭煩。

Cell production 單元生產(chǎn)

This method of manufacturing an item organises workers into 'cells' within the factory, with each cell comprising several workers who each possess different skills. Each cell is independent of the other cells and will usually produce a complete item, and each cell will usually have an output target to achieve for a given period of time.

這種制造物品的方法將工人組織到工廠的 "單元 "中，每個(gè)單元由幾個(gè)工人組成，他們各自擁有不同的技能。每個(gè)單元都獨(dú)立于其他單元，通常會(huì)生產(chǎn)一個(gè)完整的物品，每個(gè)單元通常都有一個(gè)產(chǎn)出目標(biāo)，要在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成。

It is often argued that if the group of workers in each cell can see the completion of the finished product, then their work will have more meaning and therefore their levels of motivation and job satisfaction will be greatly enhanced.

通常認(rèn)為，如果每個(gè)單元中的工人群體能夠看到成品的完成，那么他們的工作就會(huì)有更多的意義，因此他們的積極性和工作滿(mǎn)意度也會(huì)大大增強(qiáng)。

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