Alevel經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)essay寫作素材 Fixed Rate兩面性理解方法
Alevel經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)在課程體系和本科申請的賽道中是競爭力非常強的一門科目,不僅僅在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)申請中需要高中經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程的學(xué)習(xí)和成績,許多的會計、貿(mào)易、甚至是歷史這樣的人文學(xué)科也是非常需要經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識積累的。...
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A Fixed Exchange Rate System 固定匯率制度
This is one where the parity (exchange rate value, for example £1 = $1.50) of the currency is pegged against other currencies. If the parity comes under threat by market forces, the central bank (controlled by the government) will step in to maintain he value by buying or selling the currency and/or changing its rate of interest.
這是一種貨幣的平價(匯率值,例如1英鎊=1.5美元)與其他貨幣掛鉤的制度。如果平價受到市場力量的威脅,中央銀行(由政府控制)將介入,通過購買或出售貨幣和/或改變其利率來維持其價值。
Advantages of a Fixed Rate System 固定利率體系的優(yōu)勢
1. It gives stability for firms and households - this will increase investment and trade. 它為公司和家庭提供了穩(wěn)定性--這將增加投資和貿(mào)易
2. They act as a constraint on domestic inflation – if a country has higher inflation than its trading partners, it will become uncompetitive. Firms have to control costs in order to compete. 它們對國內(nèi)通貨膨脹起到制約作用--如果一個國家的通貨膨脹率高于其貿(mào)易伙伴,它將變得沒有競爭力。企業(yè)必須控制成本,以便競爭
Disadvantages of a Fixed Rate System 固定利率體系的缺點
1. A government must have sufficient reserves to intervene to maintain the price of its currency. 政府必須有足夠的儲備來進(jìn)行干預(yù),以維持其貨幣的價格
2. A country’s firms may be uncompetitive if the exchange rate is fixed at too high rate. 如果匯率被固定在過高的水平上,一個國家的企業(yè)可能會失去競爭力
3. The government must make intervention priority. This may mean it undertakes policies which damage the domestic economy for example to keep demand for pounds up in the exchange rate market the government might increase interest rates. The problem is that this leads to less demand within the economy. 政府必須優(yōu)先進(jìn)行干預(yù)。這可能意味著它采取了損害國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策,例如,為了保持匯率市場上對英鎊的需求,政府可能會提高利率。問題是,這將導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)中的需求減少
Managed Exchange Rates 有管理的匯率
In reality there is no currency in the world that is allowed to be completely freely floating. Even where governments try to be as non-interventionist as possible, there will come times when the currency is subject to extreme fluctuations and the government, or central bank, will feel that they must intervene. In the same frequent changes in an exchange rate, if completely free floating, may cause uncertainty for businesses, which is not good for trade, and so governments will be forced to intervene in order to stabilize the exchange rate. Because of the above factors, most exchange rate regimes in the world are managed exchange rates. These are exchange rates where the currency is allowed to float, but with some element of interference from the government.
在現(xiàn)實中,世界上沒有一種貨幣被允許完全自由浮動。即使在政府盡量不干預(yù)的情況下,也會有貨幣出現(xiàn)極端波動的時候,政府或中央銀行會覺得他們必須進(jìn)行干預(yù)。在同樣的情況下,匯率的頻繁變化,如果完全自由浮動,可能會給企業(yè)帶來不確定性,這對貿(mào)易不利,所以政府將被迫進(jìn)行干預(yù),以穩(wěn)定匯率。由于上述因素,世界上大多數(shù)匯率制度是有管理的匯率。這些匯率是允許貨幣浮動的,但有來自政府的一些干預(yù)因素。
The government may choose to intervene in the foreign exchange market to influence the value of their currency. They would do this for several reasons 政府可能會選擇干預(yù)外匯市場以影響其貨幣的價值。他們這樣做有幾個原因 :
Lower the exchange rate in order to increase employment 降低匯率,以增加就業(yè)
Raise the exchange rate in order to fight inflation 提高匯率以對抗通貨膨脹
Maintain a fixed exchange rate 維持固定匯率
Avoid large fluctuations in a floating exchange rate 避免浮動匯率的大幅波動
Achieve relative exchange rate stability in order to improve business confidence 實現(xiàn)相對匯率穩(wěn)定,以提高商業(yè)信心
Improve a current account deficit 改善經(jīng)常賬戶赤字
The supply of £’s is provided by those in the UK wishing to import as they need foreign currency to pay for goods. Therefore they must exchange the pounds for the foreign currency.
英鎊的供應(yīng)是由那些希望進(jìn)口的英國人提供的,因為他們需要外國貨幣來支付貨物。因此,他們必須將英鎊兌換成外幣。
(↓ r/e) → (x = Cheaper) → (m = expensive) → (X ↑/M↓ = current account surplus) → (AD = C+I+G+(X-M)) → AD shifts right
【微語】我在遙遠(yuǎn)的家鄉(xiāng), 望著星空, 想象你在異鄉(xiāng)的生活, 心中滿是牽掛與祝福。
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