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Differences in their resources 其資源的差異

There will be much discussion of the pros and cons of trade in the rest of this topic. Before we go down that road, it is important to understand the fundamental reason why countries trade. Each country has a different allocation of natural and human resources. A given country will be well suited to the production of some goods (or the provision of certain services) and totally unsuited to the production of others. Particularly in the field of agriculture, the differences in climate can be immense; it is simply impossible to grow certain agricultural products in certain countries.

在本專題的其余部分，將有很多關(guān)于貿(mào)易的利弊的討論。在我們走這條路之前，重要的是了解各國進行貿(mào)易的根本原因。每個國家都有不同的自然和人力資源配置。一個特定的國家將很適合生產(chǎn)一些商品（或提供某些服務(wù)），而完全不適合生產(chǎn)其他商品。特別是在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域，氣候的差異可能是巨大的；在某些國家根本不可能種植某些農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品。

The consequence of this is that some countries will go without some essential goods unless they trade with other countries. It doesn't matter how good a given country is at making desirable, but non-essential, goods. If it doesn't have the right resources then it may not be able to survive due to a lack of, say, essential foodstuffs; trade will be essential.

這樣做的后果是，一些國家除非與其他國家進行貿(mào)易，否則將沒有一些基本的商品。一個國家在制造理想的、但非必要的商品方面有多好并不重要。如果它沒有合適的資源，那么它可能會因為缺乏必要的食品而無法生存；貿(mào)易將是必不可少的。

More competition and choice 更多的競爭和選擇

The next few points highlight why free trade is good rather than why it is absolutely necessary.Perfect competitionis considered to be the most efficientmarketstructurebecause it is the most competitive. Competition puts pressure on firms to keep their prices, and therefore their costs, down.

接下來的幾點強調(diào)了為什么自由貿(mào)易是好的，而不是絕對必要的。完全競爭被認(rèn)為是最有效的市場結(jié)構(gòu)，因為它是最有競爭力的。競爭給企業(yè)帶來壓力，使其保持價格，從而降低其成本。

In the same way, the more open to foreign imports a country is, the more competition the home producers will face and the more efficient they will have to be. This is not only good in an economic sense (greater efficiency) but domestic consumers enjoy lower prices and, therefore, increasedconsumer surplus.

同樣，一個國家對外國進口商品的開放程度越高，本國生產(chǎn)者面臨的競爭就越大，他們的效率就越高。這不僅在經(jīng)濟意義上是好事（更高的效率），而且國內(nèi)消費者享受更低的價格，因此，增加了消費者剩余。

Given what we said earlier about the unequal distribution of the world's resources, it is likely that countries will not be able to produce all the goods that consumers will desire. By definition, therefore, consumers will have a greater choice if the country trades internationally.

鑒于我們前面所說的世界資源的不平等分配，各國很可能無法生產(chǎn)出消費者渴望的所有商品。因此，根據(jù)定義，如果國家進行國際貿(mào)易，消費者將有更多的選擇。

Economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟

once a firm in a given product market is subject to international competition, often the only way to survive is through growth andeconomies of scale. The resulting reduction in their cost per unit produced will enable them to become more price competitive in the global marketplace. Obviously this will be good for consumers.

一旦某個產(chǎn)品市場的公司受到國際競爭的影響，往往唯一的生存方式就是通過增長和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟。由此帶來的每單位生產(chǎn)成本的降低將使他們在全球市場上變得更有價格競爭力。很明顯，這對消費者來說是件好事。

As you will see in the next Learn-It, it can be shown that all countries benefit from free trade, however well (or poorly) endowed with natural and human resources they are. Even if a poorly endowed country is worse at making everything than another country, they will still berelativelybetter at making something.

正如你在接下來的學(xué)習(xí)中所看到的，可以證明所有國家都能從自由貿(mào)易中獲益，無論它們的自然資源和人力資源多么豐富（或貧乏）。即使一個資源貧乏的國家在制造任何東西方面都比另一個國家差，他們在制造某些東西方面仍然會相對更好。

【微語】你踏上異國的土地, 追逐夢想的翅膀在風(fēng)中舒展, 每一步都是成長的印記。