Essay寫作一直是難倒大批同學(xué)的一道坎，好不容易想出來(lái)主題，又不知道怎么湊主干，湊出來(lái)主干又搜腸刮肚找不出分論點(diǎn)......如何寫好alevel商務(wù)論文，小編在前篇已經(jīng)為大家講解過了，近期正在為同學(xué)們收集各種有關(guān)商務(wù)論文寫作的中英對(duì)照素材，希望能幫助大家豐富自己的論文，取得好成績(jī)。

Research and Development (R&D) 研究與發(fā)展（R&D）

All businesses need to develop long-term strategies, and an important part of this strategy must be the continual development and launch of new products, or amendments made to existing products. This is the purpose of research and development (R&D).

所有企業(yè)都需要制定長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)略，而這個(gè)戰(zhàn)略的一個(gè)重要部分必須是不斷開發(fā)和推出新產(chǎn)品，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行修正。這就是研究與發(fā)展（R&D）的目的。

R&D can basically be defined as 研發(fā)基本上可以被定義為:

'carrying out extensive scientific research into the product and its design, and then developing a range of prototypes, each to a slightly different specification.'

對(duì)產(chǎn)品及其設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行廣泛的科學(xué)研究，然后開發(fā)一系列的原型，每個(gè)原型的規(guī)格略有不同。

The prototype which best meets the needs of the customers and the business is then likely to be commercialised.

然后，最能滿足客戶和企業(yè)需求的原型可能會(huì)被商業(yè)化。

The development of products can take several years to complete and many businesses spend a huge amount of money on this process (e.g. Unilever spent over ￡600 million on R&D in 1997). It can often be a veryrisky process, since much money can be spent on ideas that will never be commercialised.

產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)可能需要幾年的時(shí)間才能完成，許多企業(yè)在這個(gè)過程中花費(fèi)了大量的資金（例如，聯(lián)合利華在1997年花費(fèi)了超過6億英鎊用于研發(fā)）。這往往是一個(gè)非常有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的過程，因?yàn)楹芏噱X可能花在永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被商業(yè)化的想法上。

It is within the 'sunrise' industries (i.e. industries which are fairly young and have rapid growth potential, such as computers and aerospace) that extensive R&D spending today can result in a huge competitive advantage in the future.

正是在 "朝陽(yáng) "產(chǎn)業(yè)（即相當(dāng)年輕并具有快速增長(zhǎng)潛力的產(chǎn)業(yè)，如計(jì)算機(jī)和航空航天）中，今天廣泛的研發(fā)支出可以在未來(lái)帶來(lái)巨大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

The benefit of being the first company to launch a new, innovative product is immeasurable, since the company can charge a high price and build up a strong market share as it faces no competition.

作為第一家推出創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品的公司，其好處是不可估量的，因?yàn)樵摴究梢允杖「邇r(jià)并建立強(qiáng)大的市場(chǎng)份額，因?yàn)樗鼪]有面臨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

It is estimated that only aboutoneproduct in the pharmaceutical industry reaches the commercialisation stage (i.e. launched onto the market)for every tenwhich are developed and test-marketed. Therefore, the company will have massive R&D costs to recoup when it actually launches a new product, and it will probably take several years before it will have broken-even and covered all the R&D costs.

據(jù)估計(jì)，在制藥業(yè)中，每開發(fā)和試銷10個(gè)產(chǎn)品，只有1個(gè)達(dá)到商業(yè)化階段（即投放市場(chǎng)）。因此，當(dāng)公司真正推出新產(chǎn)品時(shí)，將有大量的研發(fā)成本需要收回，而且可能需要幾年的時(shí)間才能達(dá)到收支平衡并支付所有的研發(fā)成本。

The businesses which are most likely to succeed in the future are those which develop more new products than their closest rivals, bring their new products to the market in less time than their rivals, compete in more product- and geographic-markets than their rivals, and provide very strong after-sales service to customers.

未來(lái)最有可能成功的企業(yè)是那些比其最接近的對(duì)手開發(fā)更多的新產(chǎn)品，比其對(duì)手在更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)將其新產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)，比其對(duì)手在更多的產(chǎn)品和地理市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，并為客戶提供非常強(qiáng)大的售后服務(wù)。

以上是小編為大家整理的Alevel商務(wù)企業(yè)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)品研發(fā)的論文素材，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助，祝各位同學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)有成金榜題名！如有更多Alevel輔導(dǎo)的需要，歡迎聯(lián)系在線客服老師，會(huì)獲得更專業(yè)的指導(dǎo)~

【微語(yǔ)】你踏上異國(guó)的土地, 追逐夢(mèng)想的翅膀, 愿風(fēng)總是順著你的方向, 讓每一步都充滿力量。