得論文高分者得天下，這是一眾同學(xué)不置可否的“信條”，但這么寶貴的分?jǐn)?shù)也不是說得就得的，它不僅需要同學(xué)們平時(shí)的認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)，還需要寫作時(shí)豐富的寫作技巧。時(shí)常有同學(xué)向我們老師反應(yīng)自己的論文很空洞死板。針對這個(gè)問題，小編為大家收集了Alevel經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)論文的寫作素材，可供大家充實(shí)文章。

Why do governments impose taxes? 政府為什么要征稅？

Raising money for government spending.The most obvious reason is to raise money for all the expenditure that is required. Hospitals, schools, the defence system, the welfare state; these things do not come cheaply. You will soon see that not all taxes are imposed centrally (by the Westminster Parliament). Local taxes also have to be levied to help pay for libraries, cleaning the roads, local parks and the local council administration to name just a few items.

為政府開支籌集資金：最明顯的原因是為所有需要的開支籌集資金。醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、國防系統(tǒng)、福利國家；這些東西都是不便宜的。你很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，并非所有的稅收都是集中征收的（由威斯敏斯特議會(huì)征收）。地方稅也必須被征收，以幫助支付圖書館、清潔道路、地方公園和地方議會(huì)管理等項(xiàng)目。

Redistributing income.This is a bit of an old fashioned objective of taxation nowadays. If the system used isprogressive(see later in this Learn-It), then the tax system will be helping the relatively less well off at the expense of the better off. Socialist governments of the past were very keen on this. Certainly the Conservative governments of the 80s and 90s were less bothered. Although there is a lot of press about the increase in the tax burden under the new Labour government, they have actually been redistributing income to the poorer households in the UK, through such measures as theNational Minimum Wage, theNew Dealand theWorking Families Tax Credit.

為政府開支籌集資金：最明顯的原因是為所有需要的開支籌集資金。醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、國防系統(tǒng)、福利國家；這些東西都是不便宜的。你很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，并非所有的稅收都是集中征收的（由威斯敏斯特議會(huì)征收）。地方稅也必須被征收，以幫助支付圖書館、清潔道路、地方公園和地方議會(huì)管理等項(xiàng)目。

Demand management.?In the topic called 'Aggregate demand and aggregate supply', the Keynesian economists policy of demand management was outlined. Basically, Keynesians believe that in times of recession or depression, the markets will not 'clear', or sort themselves out at the right price, so it is the government's responsibility to create the necessary demand to resurrect the economy. This can be done by increasing government spending and/or reducing taxes.

重新分配收入：這是如今稅收的一個(gè)老式的目標(biāo)。如果所使用的系統(tǒng)是累進(jìn)制（見后面的學(xué)習(xí)資料），那么稅收系統(tǒng)將幫助相對較差的人而犧牲較好的人。過去的社會(huì)主義政府非常熱衷于此。當(dāng)然，80年代和90年代的保守黨政府則不太在意。雖然在新工黨政府下有很多關(guān)于稅收負(fù)擔(dān)增加的新聞，但他們實(shí)際上一直在通過全國最低工資、新政和工作家庭稅收優(yōu)惠等措施，將收入重新分配給英國的貧困家庭。

需求管理：在名為 "總需求和總供給 "的專題中，概述了凱恩斯主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的需求管理政策?；旧?，凱恩斯主義者認(rèn)為，在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退或蕭條時(shí)期，市場不會(huì) "清算"，或以合適的價(jià)格自行解決，因此，政府有責(zé)任創(chuàng)造必要的需求來復(fù)活經(jīng)濟(jì)。這可以通過增加政府開支和/或減少稅收來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

Correcting market failure.?In the topic called 'Market failure', there is much discussion about the problems ofexternalities, like pollution from congestion. The markets, left to themselves, will not produce the socially optimal level of output. Governments can use taxes to force the firms to produce the socially optimal level of output. We all know about the tax on petrol. Some items that are thought of as 'good' may be exempt from taxes that most other goods attract. A few goods are 'zero-rated', meaning they attract noValue Added Tax (VAT). Books are a good example.

糾正市場失靈：在名為 "市場失靈 "的話題中，有很多關(guān)于外部性問題的討論，比如擁堵造成的污染。市場，如果任其自生自滅，將不會(huì)產(chǎn)生社會(huì)最優(yōu)的產(chǎn)出水平。政府可以使用稅收來迫使企業(yè)生產(chǎn)社會(huì)最優(yōu)水平的產(chǎn)出。我們都知道汽油稅的問題。一些被認(rèn)為是 "好 "的物品可能會(huì)被免除大多數(shù)其他商品的稅收。少數(shù)商品是 "零稅率"，意味著它們不需要繳納增值稅。書籍就是一個(gè)很好的例子。

以上是小編為大家總結(jié)的Alevel經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)essay素材。希望對大家有所幫助，祝各位同學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)有成金榜題名！如有更多Alevel課程輔導(dǎo)的需要，歡迎聯(lián)系在線客服老師，會(huì)獲得更專業(yè)的指導(dǎo)~

【微語】在遠(yuǎn)方的天空下, 你勇敢地追尋知識, 每一份努力都會(huì)化作未來的星辰, 照亮你的前行之路。