作為一門(mén)近年來(lái)熱度逐漸升高的學(xué)科，報(bào)考AP環(huán)境科學(xué)的學(xué)生也在增多。很多同學(xué)聽(tīng)說(shuō)這是門(mén)“簡(jiǎn)單”的課程，其實(shí)并不是，這也是一門(mén)5分率偏低的科目。雖然單個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)不難，但是知識(shí)點(diǎn)綜合性強(qiáng)，不僅建立在化學(xué)、生物、地理、物理基礎(chǔ)上，再聯(lián)系社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治，這門(mén)課變得上知天文下知地理中曉人和，沒(méi)有濃厚的興趣很難支撐下去。

今天留求藝留學(xué)AP環(huán)境科學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)老師為大家總結(jié)了AP 環(huán)境科學(xué)考試的知識(shí)點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)、重難點(diǎn)、易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)，常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題以及備考建議，一起來(lái)看看吧。

一、AP環(huán)境科學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)

Unit 1：The Living World: Ecosystems

1.物種關(guān)系：predator-prey relationship, Competition, Resource partitioning, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

2.陸地自然帶的溫度和降水規(guī)律：taiga, temperate rainforests, temperate seasonal forests, tropical ainforests, shrubland, temperate grassland, savanna, desert, and tundra.

3.水域自然帶的基本特征：Freshwater biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes, Marine biomes include oceans, coral reefs, marshland, and estuaries

4.物質(zhì)流動(dòng)包括四大循環(huán)：Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

5.能量循環(huán)：Gross primary productivity, Net primary productivity, Trophic Levels, Energy Flow and the 10% Rule, Food chain, food web, 10% rule

Unit 2：The Living World:Biodiversity

1.生物多樣性基本指標(biāo)：genetic, species, and habitat diversity, Species richness, Species evenness

2.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)：provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting。注意！一定要知道每一條具體的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，而不要記這四個(gè)分類(lèi)名詞。

3.島嶼生態(tài)地理學(xué)：島嶼和主棲息地的Distance, 島嶼的size

4.生態(tài)耐受度：Fundamental niche, Realized niche, Range of tolerance, mass extinction

5.自然擾動(dòng)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)性：Resistance, Resilience, (Intermediate disturbance hypothesis), Evolution, Bottleneck Effect

6.生態(tài)演替：primary and secondary succession, keystone species, indicator species, Pioneer species

Unit 3：Populations

1.根據(jù)生態(tài)位區(qū)分：Generalist and Specialist Species

2.根據(jù)Reproductive strategies（生殖策略）區(qū)分：K-Selected r-Selected Species

3.根據(jù)Survivorship Curves（生存曲線）區(qū)分：type I, type II, type III種群數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)模型。指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)模型（S型曲線），邏輯增長(zhǎng)模型（J型曲線），carrying capacity, overshoot, dieback, density-dependent factors, density-independent factors, metapopulation

4.年齡結(jié)構(gòu)圖：人口年齡金字塔型、倒金字塔型、結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定型，population momentum

5.人口基本指標(biāo)：Total fertility rate以及文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政策對(duì)其的影響，replacement-level fertility rate, crude birth rate (CBR)，crude death rate (CDR)，infant mortality rate，life expectancy，Malthusian theory,人口翻倍70法則

6.考試重頭戲：Demographic Transition人口過(guò)渡理論

Unit 4：Earth Systems and Resources

1.板塊構(gòu)造：convergent boundaries，divergent boundaries，transform boundaries，earthquake

2.地圖題：Maps that show the global distribution of plate boundaries can be used to determine the location of volcanoes, island arcs, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults

3.土壤：rock weathering and erosion，soil horizon（土壤分層），soil composition (sand, silt, clay)，soil texture triangle,，chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil，water holding capacity，permeability, and fertility of the soil

4.地球的大氣：大氣成分組成，The layers of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere)

5.地球上的風(fēng)型：地球表面冷熱不均的原因，Atmospheric currents大氣對(duì)流的成因，三圈環(huán)流（Hadley cell，Polar cell，F(xiàn)errell cell），Coriolis effect，trade wind

6.四季、氣候、天氣的產(chǎn)生：tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation, rain shadow

7.考試重頭戲：El Ni?o and La Ni?a, upwelling

Unit 5：Land and Water Use

1.土地資源利用：The tragedy of the commons，externality

2.林業(yè)用地：clear-cutting

3.農(nóng)業(yè)用地：The Green Revolution, mechanization, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), fertilization, and the use of pesticides，irrigation——drip irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, drip irrigation, and spray irrigation.過(guò)度灌溉導(dǎo)致問(wèn)題Waterlogging，Salinization. Agricultural practices——tilling, slashand-burn farming

4.肉類(lèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)和漁業(yè)：CAFOs，overgrazing，overfishing，aquaculture

5.采礦用地：地表采礦四種方式，地下采礦，acid drainage

6.城市用地：Impervious surfaces，urban runoff，urban sprawl

7.生態(tài)足跡：水足跡——用水方式（工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、生活用水），碳足跡——二氧化碳排放

8.可持續(xù)發(fā)展：Sustainable yield，Integrated pest management (IPM)，contour plowing, windbreaks, perennial crops, terracing, no-till agriculture, and strip cropping，Rotational grazing，ecologically sustainable forestry，prescribed burn

Unit 6：Energy Resources and Consumption

1.考試重頭戲Nonrenewable energy sources：fossil fuels——coal, oil, gas. Nuclear fuel. electricity generation, Hydrologic fracturing (fracking)

2.考試重頭戲Renewable energy sources：Biomass，Solar Energy，Hydroelectric Power，Geothermal Energy，Hydrogen Fuel Cell，Wind Energy，Energy Conservation

Unit 7：Atmospheric Pollution

1.大氣污染物：carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, toxic metals, and particulates，primary and secondary pollution

2.考試重頭戲污染現(xiàn)象：Photochemical Smog，Thermal Inversion，Indoor Air Pollutants，Acid Rain

3.廢氣處理工藝：catalytic converter，vapor recovery nozzle，Wet and dry scrubbers，electrostatic precipitators，Noise Pollution

Unit 8：Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution

1.考試重頭戲水污染控制：point source，Nonpoint source，sewage treatment plant，Oil spills，ocean dumping, sediment pollution, Thermal pollution，eutrophication，mercury，Endocrine disruptor，Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)，Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

2.考試重頭戲固體廢棄物處理與處置：composting，landfills，incineration，Recycling，Electronic waste

3.毒理學(xué)：Lethal dose 50% (LD50)，dose response curve

4.人類(lèi)疾?。篋ysentery，Mesothelioma，Plague，Tuberculosis，Malaria，West Nile virus，Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)，Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)，Zika，Cholera

Unit 9：Global Change

考試重頭戲：臭氧層空洞，溫室效應(yīng)，全球氣候變化，全球變暖，入侵物種，瀕危物種，人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)生物多樣性的影響。

二、AP環(huán)境科學(xué)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

1.半衰期計(jì)算，極其容易算錯(cuò)。

2.核電廠日常運(yùn)行對(duì)環(huán)境造成的最主要污染是什么呢？熱污染！而不是排放核廢水！動(dòng)動(dòng)聰明的腦瓜想想，國(guó)家怎么可能大力發(fā)展核電新能源日日排放核污染？

3.看清題目問(wèn)economic benefits還是environmental benefits，同學(xué)們很容易栽在這里。如果回答經(jīng)濟(jì)收益，create job opportunity和increase income簡(jiǎn)直是萬(wàn)能鑰匙，如果回答環(huán)境方面的好處，biodiversity也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。

4.crop rotation的作用是什么？我們要搞清楚，輪作是農(nóng)民幾千年來(lái)積累下來(lái)的農(nóng)田耕作智慧，首要目標(biāo)是提高土壤肥力，防止同一種作物吸收同類(lèi)養(yǎng)分導(dǎo)致土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素失去平衡，比如間歇種大豆給土壤補(bǔ)充氮元素。減少殺蟲(chóng)劑使用是次要目標(biāo)。

5.O3和UV對(duì)環(huán)境、人類(lèi)健康的危害：O3是一種淡藍(lán)色對(duì)人體有刺激性的氣體，一種強(qiáng)氧化劑，對(duì)流層的臭氧主要是人體的呼吸系統(tǒng)危害和心血管死亡率的危害，并且對(duì)植物葉片也有損害。而UV是一種光能，導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)曬傷、白內(nèi)障、皮膚癌、基因突變等等，對(duì)動(dòng)植物、食物鏈的擾動(dòng)也非常大。由于平流層的臭氧吸收紫外線，同學(xué)們很容易把臭氧的危害和UV的危害混為一談。

三、AP環(huán)境科學(xué)考前建議

1.復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。環(huán)科知識(shí)點(diǎn)極其細(xì)碎，各章之間并沒(méi)有緊密的邏輯關(guān)系，可以說(shuō)，AP環(huán)科這門(mén)課相當(dāng)于環(huán)境科學(xué)導(dǎo)論概論，把環(huán)境本科專(zhuān)業(yè)課幾乎做了全面總結(jié)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)不系統(tǒng)過(guò)三遍以上不可能學(xué)扎實(shí)。

2.刷題：多看真題FRQ，熟悉考點(diǎn)，記下答案里給分點(diǎn)的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯。

【微語(yǔ)】你踏上異國(guó)的土地, 追逐夢(mèng)想的翅膀在風(fēng)中舒展, 每一步都是成長(zhǎng)的印記。