很多的時(shí)候人們一想起A-Level生物輔導(dǎo)，就自然的和解剖掛上鉤，就會想到解剖青蛙、解剖老鼠等等。事實(shí)上也是如此，英國A-Level生物學(xué)課程必須要通過非常多的實(shí)驗(yàn)來進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，各種各樣的解剖試驗(yàn)大概也是學(xué)生們最有挑戰(zhàn)的部分了，尤其是對膽子小的女生。

學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容

首先，學(xué)生們需要在GCSE學(xué)習(xí)知識的基礎(chǔ)上，還要更深入地了解和學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)生物化學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、微生物學(xué)和生理學(xué)方面等的知識。

其次就是學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)試驗(yàn)方法，熟悉并自行掌握各種實(shí)驗(yàn)室的技術(shù)，特別是顯微鏡的應(yīng)用。

最后通過A-Level生物這門課程的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生們需要學(xué)習(xí)和學(xué)會自我學(xué)習(xí)的一些方法，比如如何做研究、如何做數(shù)學(xué)分析、如何做有關(guān)于A-Level生物輔導(dǎo)的演示以及講解及修訂方法等等。

學(xué)習(xí)方法

生物是高一所有課程中最不受歡迎的一門課，龐大的詞匯量，生僻的單詞，還有繁雜的背誦都是不討喜的。但是，生物課又是學(xué)霸的代名詞，以前就覺得那些生物好的人全身都散發(fā)著光呢。那么，到底怎么樣才能學(xué)好生物呢?

生物的題型跟物理有點(diǎn)像，分為3個paper：

paper 1——40道選擇題，時(shí)間為45分鐘，占總比重的30%，考察同學(xué)們對基本生物知識點(diǎn)的掌握。

paper 3——大約6道解答題，時(shí)間長為1小時(shí)15分鐘，占總比重的50%，更深入的考察同學(xué)們對知識點(diǎn)的掌握。

paper 6——是實(shí)驗(yàn)代替題(并不需要大家做實(shí)驗(yàn))，它的考試時(shí)間為1個小時(shí)。大家可以把paper6想象升級版的解答題。

Define genetic screening

Testing a population for the presence or absence of a gene

Discuss three advantages and disadvantages of genetic screening

Advantages

Lessen the devastating impact of genetic disease

Identification of persons who have genetically determined susceptibilities to specific environmental agents

Insurance Companies can give lower premiums

Disadvantage

Can stigmatize and emotionally traumatize those who learn that they are carriers of genetic defects

Invasion of privacy

Has the potential of being used to dictate who may or may not reproduce

State that the Human Genome project is an international cooperative venture to sequence the complete human genome

Discuss two possible advantages of this project

Understanding of many genetic diseases

Genome libraries

production of gene probes to detect sufferers and carriers of genetic diseases

production of pharmaceuticals based on DNA sequences

Define clone

A group of organisms of identical genotype / a group of cells descended from a single parent cell.

Outline a technique used in the cloning of farm animals

Early division of a fertilized egg produces 8 cells each of which would give rise to an embryo (totipotency).

After in vitro fertilization processes the 8 resultant separated embryos can be transferred to surrogate mothers (e.g. cattle or sheep) to continue using selected prime animals for the production of gametes

At present used for genetically manipulated animals to produce pharmaceuticals

Discuss the ethical issues of cloning human embryos

Happens naturally in monozygotic twins

In vitro fertilization of twins unacceptable?

Selection of those fit to be cloned

Eugenics and super-race?

Discuss the results of crop plant and animal breeding

Breeding for disease resistance

Increased food production

Higher yields of milk/wool/protein

Breeding plants that can spread